Biotech Nutritions Pure Raspberry Ketones 500 mg Per Serving 120 capsules, 100% Natural and Pure Raspberry Ketones 250mg Per Pill, Weight Loss, Appetite Suppressant
Description :
Pure Raspberry Ketones by Biotech Nutritions Pure Raspberry Ketones. 100% Natural. The ultimate weight loss formula.
Biotech Nutritions Pure Raspberry Ketones - The ultimate weight loss supplement! have been prepared with finest quality ingredients available in FDA registered facility and with Good manufacturing practice (GMP) so brand you can trust on.
Pure Raspberry Ketones is prepared according to exactly same idea for weight loss mentioned in Dr. Oz show and it helps you control your appetite. It naturally increases lipolysis in your body which is a very important process for the breakdown of lipids (fat). Not only this, Pure Raspberry Ketones also assist in thermogenic fat loss.
120 capsules per bottle with 500 mg raspberry ketones
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My review of the Raspberry Ketone Diet
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Carnation Instant Breakfast Nutritional Drink, Rich Milk Chocolate, No Sugar Added, 4-Count, 11-Ounce Bottles (Pack of 3)
Description :
11 ounce bottle in a pack of 3 (total of 33 ounce). Instant Breakfast Essentials, No Sugar Added Powder and Rich Milk Chocolate.
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Special K Protein Plus Products #theproteineffect
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Raspberry Ketone by Hydra Health has been professionally formulated by our team of chemists to contain the highest concentration of pure raspberry ketones available on the market. Raspberry Ketones is a powerful aromatic compound extracted from fresh red raspberries. The structure of Raspberry Ketones is similar to the structures of synephrine and capsaicin, other powerful fat loss agents. These compounds have been shown to exert fat loss actions and alter the pathways of lipid metabolism. In addition to proper diet and exercise, supplementing with pure raspberry ketone extract like the premium form found in our product can help you rapidly lose excess body fat while preserving and even toning lean muscle. Don't be fooled by other imitator
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Garcinia Cambogia by Dr's - Father of All Weight Loss Like Green Coffee Bean ... Dr's investigates 2013 Hottest Fastest Fat BusterWeight Loss Diet from Pure Garcinia Cambogia - Amazing diet that is quickly gaining popularity in U.S. and around the world. The Garcinia Cambogia Extract is the latest buzz in the "battle of the bulge ... pure raspberry ketone Read more on SBWire (press release)
Kellogg's Special K Protein Shakes, French Vanilla, 4 ct
Description :
We like to imagine ourselves sitting down at a cute li'l 50s diner and ordering up a big ol' French Vanilla milkshake…but then we remember: a) we barely have time to sit and b) that shake would show up on our hips.
That’s why there’s Special K™ French Vanilla Protein Shakes. You get the same great French Vanilla taste you love, plus 10 grams of protein and 5 grams of fiber to satisfy hunger (DisclosureDiets high in protein and fiber may aid weight loss. Special K™ Protein products are designed to promote a reduced feeling of hunger by increasing daily intake of protein and fiber. See nutrition information for details. ) and help you lose weight. It even won an award from Shape magazine! It’s the yummy little prot
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Special K Protein Shake 4 Pack
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Everfield Health raspberry ketones are 100% pure, high quality, and highly concentrated.
In 2010 a study showed that Raspberry Ketones helped activate Adiponectin, the fat regulating hormone.
Our Raspberry Ketones pure ingredients are natural and effective. Rasberry ketones reviews by Dr. Oz and other experts say they are a natural, effective product for fat loss.
At Everfield Health we are committed to bringing you the highest quality health supplements at a great price. Your satisfaction is guaranteed!
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Special K Protein Water Mix Pink Lemonade, 7 Packets per Box (Pack of 3)
Description :
Special K™ Protein products like meal bars, shakes, and water mixes are created to give you the protein your body needs throughout your day. Along with Special K™ protein snack bars--all are delicious and exciting options to help you stay on track with your weight management goals even when you're on the go.Take the Challenge For Special K lovers who are aiming to trim down, Kellogg's has created the Special K Challenge, a fun and easily managed online program found at specialk.com. Designed to help users set and achieve weight loss goals, the program includes practical suggestions, menu tips, mobile apps, recipes, and online community features.A Healthy History Founded by W. K. Kellogg in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1906, the Kell
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Special K Protein Bars and Shakes Ad - November 8, 2012
Giant sweet treats + a lady in the car = these bars and shakes.special k protein shakes Video Rating: 5 / 5
Raspberry Ketone | Advanced Weight Loss Supplement | 125mg Professional RK Blend | 180 Capsules
Description :
Body Superior Raspberry Ketone, a professionally formulated product which contains the highest concentration of pure raspberry ketones extract available in the market. Raspberry Ketones is a powerful aromatic compound extracted from fresh red raspberries (Rubus idaeus). The structure of RK (Raspberry Ketones) is similar to the structures of synephrine and capsaicin, other powerful fat loss agents. These compounds have been shown to exert fat loss actions and alter the pathways of lipid metabolism. In addition to proper diet and exercise, supplementing with pure raspberry ketone extract like the premium form found in our product can help you rapidly lose excess body fat while preserving and even toning lean muscle. Don't be fooled by other i
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Raspberry Ketone Reviews - Get Up To 70% Off Raspberry Ketones
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2 Bottles - Nutrifrenzy 100% Pure Raspberry Ketone 500mg Servings, Weight Loss, Appetite Suppressant 120 Capsules As Seen on TV!
Description :
If you want to burn fat all over your body, try this raspberry ketone supplement. Learn how it works to burn fat, helping you break through a weight-loss plateau.
Raspberry ketones are enzymes that help to promote weight loss by boosting the metabolism, and metabolism boosters are some of the most effective weight loss products. The reason for this is that the metabolism is the system that processes the food and converts it into energy, and boosting your metabolism is the best way to lose weight. The faster your metabolism runs, the more food it will be able to convert into energy in a single day. The more food that is converted into energy, the less food is stored around your body in the form of fat.
But, the amount of Ketone found in on
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Kellogg's special K protein shake - milk chocolate (15 bottles of 10 fl oz each - total of 150 fl oz)
Description :
Per serving # 10 grams of protein # 5 grams of fiber # Chocolaty good protein shake Product Description It s time to shake up your morning with one truly great-tasting breakfast shake! Special K Milk Chocolate Protein Shakes are the perfectly portable, on-the-go way to grab breakfast (lunch, or dinner)! With 10 grams of protein and 5 grams of fiber, it s the creamy, delicious way to satisfy your hunger and help you lose weight. And with its resealable lid and handy-dandy design, you can tuck it in your purse, car or gym bag. It s the yummy, chocolatey-good protein shake you ve been waiting for!
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Special K Protein Shake Review
Hey fans/subscribers! It's Mike again back with another review. Make sure to leave a like, comment, and subscribe!special k protein shakes
BENEFITS OF USING MUSCLE MILKEVOPRO - Nature's Perfect Protein: EVOPRO in Muscle Milk contains a complete and precise mix of highly bioavailable proteins for sustained energy including, Calcium & Sodium Caseinate, Milk Protein Isolate, Whey Protein Isolate, Whey Protein Concentrate, Whey Peptides, Lactoferrin, L-Glutamine, and Taurine.LEANLIPIDS Burn Fat! Don't Store It!: Predigested, trans-fat free Medium Chain-Triglycerides (MCT's) are more likely metabolized for muscle energy and heat than stored as fat. Long-chain polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from Sunflower/Safflower and Canola Oils are also less likely to be stored as fat. These lipids are additionally functional, since they enhance mineral retention. Complex Carbohy
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Pure Raspberry Ketone, Highest Quality, Natural Weight Loss and Appetite Suppression
Description :
The Pure Raspberry Ketone is without a doubt the best weight lost product that you can find in the market today. Ketones are basically body fat converted into fuel, allowing the body to function and remain active. For years there have been scientific studies on the potent power of raspberry ketone and its innate ability to speed up energy metabolism and how it can be further used in weight loss. Pure Raspberry Ketone has now perfected the formula, utilizing a unique mix of ingredients to detoxify the body, properly conduct energy metabolism to reduce stored body fat, and can be used to supplement any dietary program and workout routine.
Ingredients in Each Capsule
You get thirty (30) servings per case, with each serving consisting of two
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My Interesting Pure Raspberry Ketone Experience
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Garcinia Cambogia Select Now Offers 50% Off Select Packages Worldwide Almost all of the consumers have stated in their reviews that they will continue to use the product to achieve the desired weight they have always wanted. Visit http://www.droz-garciniacambogia.com for more reviews and details on Garcinia Cambogia Select. pure raspberry ketone reviews Read more on Broadway World
PURE Raspberry Ketone is an advanced weapon against the obesity war. Specifically formulated to attack fat stores, PURE Raspberry Ketone customers have reported losing up to 1-2 lb's per day. Customers have also reported increased energy along with a suppressed appetite. If you've ever struggled with weight loss, you don't have to struggle any longer. With PURE Raspberry Ketone control is now in your reach.
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Garden of Life Garden of Life Raw Organic Protein, 622 Grams
Description :
Now you can unlock the nutritive power of living seeds and grains with raw protein from garden of life a certified organic, raw, vegan protein powder. Featuring 13 raw and organic sprouts, raw protein is an excellent source of complete protein, providing 17 grams, or 33% of the daily value, plus all essential amino acids. raw protein contains vitamin code fat-soluble vitamins A and supports digestive health and function with live protein-digesting enzymes and powerful probiotics.
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The Best Protein Powder for Weight Loss! + body wrap lose weight,colonic lose weight
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Các chuyên gia ở Bộ nông nghiệp và Viện nghiên cứu di truyền Mỹ vừa lập xong bản đồ gen của cây kê (hay còn gọi là lúa miến), một loại cây lương thực khá phổ biến ở các vùng có khí hậu ấm. Đây là cây lương thực chủ đạo ở Mỹ, chỉ đứng sau cây ngô và cũng là loại cây lương thực đầu vào rất phổ biến cho ngành công nghiệp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học rất khả thi vì hạt kê có hàm lượng ethanol cao, sử dụng ít hơn tới 1/3 lượng nước khi chế biến, ngoài ra thân cây kê cũng có giá trị rất cao trong việc sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học.
Theo các chuyên gia của dự án thì hệ ADN của kê cũng có những nét tương đồng với hệ gen của lúa, nhưng có những vùng lại mang tính lặp lại phức tạp và kích thước cũng có sự khác biệt. Với việc giải mã thành công hệ gen của cây kê đã giúp khoa học hiểu sâu thêm về các loại cây lương thực đầu vào cho ngành công nghiệp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học, như loại cỏ có tên là switchgrass hay giống mía cho năng suất cao. Cho đến nay kê là loại cây lương thực thứ hai sau lúa được giải mã thành công, với xấp xỉ 730 triệu nucleotides, kê có hệ gen lớn gấp 75% so với hệ gen của cây lúa.
**** thucduongohsawa.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/cong-d%E1%BB%A5n... Một chén chè kê vào những ngày mùa hè có thể giúp bạn giải nhiệt. Nghiên cứu của các nhà khoa học tại Viện Dinh dưỡng Ấn Độ cho thấy, hạt kê còn có tác dụng lợi tiểu, ngừa sỏi thận, tiêu chảy và tiểu đường.Riêng những ai hay bị đau bao tử, mắc chứng khó tiêu dùng hạt kê trong chế độ ăn hằng ngày cũng sẽ có lợi. Kê còn giúp làm sạch miệng, chống hôi miệng do có công dụng làm chậm quá trình sinh sôi nảy nở của các loại vi khuẩn trong miệng. Hạt kê do giàu axit amin và silic nên giúp các thai phụ ngừa sẩy thai và tình trạng nôn ọe mỗi sáng. Kê còn có tác dụng chống các loại nấm trên cơ thể. Bộ phận dùng: Hạt và mầm hạt (Cốc nha hay Túc nha) - Semen Setariae et Fructus Setariae Germinatus. Nơi sống và thu hái: Gốc ở Ấn độ, được trồng nhiều để lấy hạt làm lương thực và làm thức ăn gia súc. Cây mọc nhanh, có thể mọc trên các loại đất cát vùng đồng bằng và cả ở trên các vùng núi. Thành phần hoá học: Sau khi sấy vỏ, hạt chứa 73% hydrat carbon, 10,8% protein và 2,9% lipid. Các acid amin từ protein được giải phóng do sự lên men thấp hơn ở sữa và Lúa mì. Tính vị, tác dụng: Kê có vị ngọt, tính bình, có tác dụng bổ thận. Ở Ấn độ, được xem như lợi tiểu và thu liễm. Cốc nha có vị ngọt, tính ấm, có tác dụng tiêu thực hoà trung, kiện tỳ khai vị; cốc nha sao lại tiêu thực; còn cốc nha tiêu (sao cháy) có tác dụng làm tiêu tích trệ. Công dụng: Kê thuộc loại lương thực thường dùng trong nhân dân. Cũng được dùng làm thuốc chữa lậu nhiệt, ho nhiệt, ho khan. Ở Ấn độ, người ta dùng ngoài trị thấp khớp và là vị thuốc gia dụng làm dịu các cơn đau do sinh đẻ. Ở Trung quốc, hạt dùng nấu cháo cho người đau dạ dày và bột các hạt đã rang, pha với nước mật dùng cho trẻ em bị bệnh nhọt. Cốc nha dùng chữa ăn uống không tiêu, bụng đầy miệng hôi, tỳ vị hư yếu; kém ăn; cốc nha sao dùng trị kém ăn; cốc nha tiêu dùng trị tích trệ không tiêu. Liều dùng 9-15g. Đơn thuốc: 1. Chữa âm hư háo khát, mỏi mệt bải hoải sau những buổi thức đêm mất ngủ hay lao động, phòng dục quá độ, trong người hấp nóng, ho, mồ hôi trộm, khó ngủ: dùng hạt Kê nấu chè đường ăn thì mát khoẻ, lại sức. Lượng vitamin B1, B2 có trong hạt kê cao hơn từ 1 – 1,5 lần so với lúa gạo. Ngoài ra trong hạt kê còn có chứa nhiều nguyên tố vi lượng khác như methionine (một amino axit thiết yếu) vì thế hạt kê có tác dụng duy trì tế bào não, tăng cường trí nhớ và làm giảm quá trình lão hóa.
**** www.mientayonline.net/hat-ke.aspx Hạt kê là một trong năm loại hạt căn bản của nhà nông Việt Nam. Thế nên không biết từ bao giờ hạt kê đã đi vào các câu chuyện,hay những câu hát ru của người dân Việt Nam " Em tôi buồn ngủ buồn nghê. Thèm ăn cơm nếp cháo kê thịt gà
Một chén chè kê vào những ngày mùa hè có thể giúp bạn giải nhiệt. Nghiên cứu của các nhà khoa học tại Viện Dinh dưỡng Ấn Độ cho thấy, hạt kê còn có tác dụng lợi tiểu, ngừa sỏi thận, tiêu chảy và tiểu đường.Riêng những ai hay bị đau bao tử, mắc chứng khó tiêu dùng hạt kê trong chế độ ăn hằng ngày cũng sẽ có lợi. Kê còn giúp làm sạch miệng, chống hôi miệng do có công dụng làm chậm quá trình sinh sôi nảy nở của các loại vi khuẩn trong miệng. Hạt kê do giàu axit amin và silic nên giúp các thai phụ ngừa sẩy thai và tình trạng nôn ọe mỗi sáng. Kê còn có tác dụng chống các loại nấm trên cơ thể. Bộ phận dùng: Hạt và mầm hạt (Cốc nha hay Túc nha) - Semen Setariae et Fructus Setariae Germinatus Nơi sống và thu hái: Gốc ở Ấn độ, được trồng nhiều để lấy hạt làm lương thực và làm thức ăn gia súc. Cây mọc nhanh, có thể mọc trên các loại đất cát vùng đồng bằng và cả ở trên các vùng núi. Thành phần hoá học: Sau khi sấy vỏ, hạt chứa 73% hydrat carbon, 10,8% protein và 2,9% lipid. Các acid amin từ protein được giải phóng do sự lên men thấp hơn ở sữa và Lúa mì. Tính vị, tác dụng: Kê có vị ngọt, tính bình, có tác dụng bổ thận. Ở Ấn độ, được xem như lợi tiểu và thu liễm. Cốc nha có vị ngọt, tính ấm, có tác dụng tiêu thực hoà trung, kiện tỳ khai vị; cốc nha sao lại tiêu thực; còn cốc nha tiêu (sao cháy) có tác dụng làm tiêu tích trệ. Công dụng: Kê thuộc loại lương thực thường dùng trong nhân dân. Cũng được dùng làm thuốc chữa lậu nhiệt, ho nhiệt, ho khan. Ở Ấn độ, người ta dùng ngoài trị thấp khớp và là vị thuốc gia dụng làm dịu các cơn đau do sinh đẻ. Ở Trung quốc, hạt dùng nấu cháo cho người đau dạ dày và bột các hạt đã rang, pha với nước mật dùng cho trẻ em bị bệnh nhọt. Cốc nha dùng chữa ăn uống không tiêu, bụng đầy miệng hôi, tỳ vị hư yếu; kém ăn; cốc nha sao dùng trị kém ăn; cốc nha tiêu dùng trị tích trệ không tiêu. Liều dùng 9-15g.
**** vietbao.vn/Kham-pha-Viet-Nam/Che-hat-ke/1735139065/150/ Mỗi dịp giỗ chạp, cúng quẩy thế nào mẹ tôi cũng nấu món chè kê. Cũng lạ, từ những hạt kê nhỏ xíu, chỉ bằng cái đầu tăm, lại có thể nảy mầm phát triển thành cây kê to khỏe. Cây kê cũng giống như cây lúa, có mùa, có vụ. Trước đây, quê tôi trồng kê nhiều lắm. Đến mùa vụ người ta thu hái kê rồi phơi khô. Những hạt kê màu vàng ươm, nhỏ như trứng cá theo tay bà, tay mẹ sàng sẩy rơi đều từ nia. Ngày trước, đến mùa, hạt kê được phơi thành từng mảng vàng ươm trước sân nhà. Bọn trẻ chúng tôi có nhiệm vụ phải canh chừng không để gà vịt tới gần ăn hạt kê đang phơi.
Hạt kê là nguyên liệu làm nên những món rất ngon. Ví như món bánh tráng kê mà mẹ thường làm: kê đã nấu chín, sau đó phết lên miếng bánh tráng nướng giòn, quết một lớp đậu xanh chín nhuyễn, rắc tiếp một lớp đường nữa là đã có món bánh tráng kê mà tôi rất khoái khẩu. Kê còn được nấu thành dạng cháo lỏng mà ngày trước tụi con nít chúng tôi thường xuyên được thưởng thức. Đây là mốn dễ ăn, lại bổ dưỡng. Nhưng dẫu gì thì món chè kê vẫn là phổ biến nhất và được chuộng cho đến giờ.
Nguyên liệu làm nên bát chè khá giản đơn: hạt kê, lát gừng, mật mía. Tuy vậy, chè kê được chế biến hết sức tỉ mẩn, người nấu phải có sự tinh tế cao. Bí quyết trước tiên là phải biết chọn hạt kê có sắc vàng đậm, loại kê này ngon, đậm đà và dày cơm hơn. Kê nhỏ li ti rất dễ lẫn cát nên phải dùng cái rá chuyên vo gạo để vo kê. Kê đãi sạch, ngâm gần một tiếng đồng hồ rồi bắc nồi nước đun sôi cho kê vào. Phải đun lửa liu riu, khi nồi kê kêu sục sục thì bắt đầu khuấy. Thao tác khuấy phải đều tay, thấy kê chín thì cho đường hoặc mật mía và một ít gừng đã giã nhỏ vào. Nồi chè sánh lại là ngừng lửa ngay. Nếu người chế biến chỉ cần sơ ý khuấy già tay một chút, chè sẽ mất đi hương dịu dàng của hạt kê và vị ngọt lịm của mật mía .
Mỗi lần nhà có việc cúng quẩy, tôi lại được ngồi bên bếp lửa hồng chăm chú xem mẹ nấu chè hạt kê. Nhìn bát chè kê nhỏ nhắn, xinh xinh được múc ra đặt lên bàn thờ, mới biết không phải tự nhiên mà chè kê trở thành nỗi nhớ của người xa quê.
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+glaucum Common NamePearl Millet Family : Poaceae or Gramineae Synonyms : P.americanum. (L.)Schum. P. typhoideum. Rich. Known Hazards : None known Habitats : River banks in sandy soils, common as a weed[74]. Range : E. Asia - China.
Physical Characteristics
Pennisetum glaucum is a ANNUAL growing to 3 m (9ft 10in). It is in flower from Sep to October, and the seeds ripen from Sep to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.
Habitats Cultivated Beds : Edible Parts: Seed. Edible Uses: Seed - raw or cooked. It can be used like rice in sweet or savoury dishes, or can be ground into a powder and used as a flour for making bread, porridge etc[74, 105, 183]. The grain is often fermented to make various foods[183] The sweet tasting grains are eaten raw by children[183]. Very nutritious[171].
Medicinal Uses Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Appetizer; Skin; Tonic.
The plant is appetiser and tonic[240]. It is useful in the treatment of heart diseases[240]. The fruits have been rubbed on open facial pimples in order to get rid of them[257]. Other Uses None known Cultivation details Requires a light well-drained soil in a sunny position[162]. Succeeds in dry infertile soils[160]. This species is the most drought-resistant of all cereal crops[162]. Cultivated for its edible seed in tropical and sub-tropical areas[61, 142], it is especially suited to regions with a short growing season[266]. It is a more problematical crop in Britain, requiring a hot summer if it is to ripen a good crop of seed. There are often not many seeds on the inflorescence[160].
Propagation Seed - sow spring in a greenhouse. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in early summer.
**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/pennisetum_glaucum_nex.... : Click on link to read more, please. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Syn.: Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf & Hubb. Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke Poaceae, or Gramineae Pearl millet, Bullrush millet, Cattail millet
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16666186 Plant Physiol. 1988 Jul;87(3):566-70. Carbohydrate Responsive Proteins in the Roots of Pennisetum americanum. Baysdorfer C, Vanderwoude WJ. Source United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Abstract The effect of changes in carbohydrate status on the synthesis of specific proteins was investigated in millet (Pennisetum americanum L., Leeke, Tift 23B(1)E(1)) seedlings grown in sterile solution culture. Carbohydrate status was altered by extended darkness and sucrose feeding. Root proteins from intact seedlings were labeled with [(35)S]methionine, phenol-extracted, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and visualized by autoradiography. In four separate experiments, two proteins showed a consistent change in labeling when root carbohydrate levels were varied between 200 and 1000 micromole hexose per gram residual dry weight. Labeling of the first protein (P(47), M(r) 47 kD) increased as the carbohydrate levels rose above 500 micromole hexose per gram residual dry weight. Labeling of the second protein (P(34), M(r) 34 kD) increased as carbohydrate levels declined from 500 to 200 micromole hexose per gram residual dry weight. Under extreme conditions, when carbohydrate levels fell below 100 micromole hexose per gram residual dry weight, the labeling pattern of most proteins was drastically altered. It is suggested that P(47) and P(34) are ;carbohydrate responsive proteins,' i.e. proteins whose concentrations are controlled either directly or indirectly by tissue carbohydrate status. In contrast, the changes in protein labeling that occur once carbohydrate pools are depleted may be involved in adaptation to periods of prolonged starvation.
P. glaucum (L.) R. Br.; P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C.E. Hubb. Common names
Bulrush millet, pearl millet, dukn (the Sudan), bajra (India), babala (Natal). Description
A robust and free-tillering annual growing to a height of 3 m. Stems 10-20 mm thick; above each node is a shallow groove containing an axillary bud. Nodes slightly swollen; they bear a ring of adventitious root primordia at the basal end. Leaves flat, dark green and up to 8 cm wide. The inflorescence forms a compact, cylindrical, terminal, spike-like panicle. There are 870-3 000 spikelets on a panicle. Seeds small, 3-4 mm, wedge-shaped of various colours according to variety. Distribution
Originated in central tropical Africa, but cultivated since 1200 BC in India. Now widely distributed in the drier tropics. Season of growth
Summer. Altitude range
800-1 800 m. Rainfall requirements
It is grown in areas with an average annual rainfall of 125-900 mm, the lower rainfall areas using it as a grain crop where maize and sorghum fail. It is sown at low populations to allow each plant to find more soil moisture. Where dry matter for forage is the consideration, a minimum rainfall of 500 mm is required. Late rainfall is important for grain development in weeks 5-12. Drought tolerance
It is drought tolerant. Its roots may penetrate to 360 cm, although 80 percent of the root weight is in the top 10 cm. Soil requirements
Bulrush millet grows on a wide range of soils, from sands in the Sudan to clays. It is tolerant of very acid soils. It grows best in a well-drained fertile soil. Ability to spread naturally
Practically nil. Land preparation for establishment
For good crops it needs full seed-bed preparation as for cereals. In sandy soils in Africa, the ground is dug over with a hoe and weeded prior to planting. Sowing methods
In peasant areas a few seeds are dropped in holes dug with a hoe, 45-90 cm apart according to rainfall, and covered. Mechanical drilling is common in developed countries. Sowing depth and cover
Sowing depth varies from 13-50 mm, the optimum being 35-40 mm. Sowing time and rate
Early summer, at 6-10 kg/ha is usual when drilled in rows 35-70 cm apart. Number of seeds per kg.
About 187 000. Seed treatment before planting
Where needed, it can be dusted with a combined insecticide- fungicide. A one-hour soak in 1 percent 2-chloroethanol plus 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution was found to be effective in increasing germination rates. Tolerance to herbicides
Albert (1961) obtained effective control of the weedy Digitaria ciliaris (sanguinalis) and Amaranthus spp. by pre-emergence application of simazine at 1 kg, and atrazine and propazine at 1 and 2 kg/ha, without crop injury. 2,4-D at 0.5 kg/ha gave good weed control without crop injury if applied 21 days after sowing. Seedling vigour
Slow in the early stages of growth. It is good as temperature rises to 20-22°C. Vigour of growth and growth rhythm
Norman (1962a) recognized three distinct development phases: an early tillering period, a period of rapid increase in dry weight and tiller height, and a period of head production. Full tiller production occurred in the fifth week with full light interception. Phillips and Norman (1967) recorded one of the highest growth rates recorded for any species when they measured the variety 'Ingrid Pearl', 14-16 weeks after sowing, as accumulating dry matter at the rate of 58 g/m2 per day. Flowering occurs about the thirteenth week. Response to defoliation
In the United States, three cuts of highly palatable green fodder are taken at six- to seven-week intervals. Late-maturing varieties are favoured for forage production. High regrowth yields after defoliation can best be obtained if the cutting height is above the apical meristem, and it is suggested that the crop be grazed rotationally when about 45 cm tall. Regrowth after later harvests declines rapidly (Begg, 1965). Grazing management
Pearl millet should be subject to relatively frequent but lenient defoliation to maintain quality. The crop should not be allowed to grow above 1 m high before grazing starts. Forage intake varied from a high of 3.1 kg DM/100 kg body weight on immature forage to a low of 1.4 kg on mature forage over a five-year period (Ferraris, 1973). Density of tiller regrowth after cutting was reduced from 54 percent when cut at 4 weeks to about 3 percent when cut at 14-16 weeks. Dry-matter and green-matter yields
A yield of 21 735 kg DM/ha was recorded at Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. In Alabama, United States, forage dry-matter yields varied from 6 000-10 500 kg/ha with 40 kg N/ha applied at sowing and again for each cut. In Queensland, Australia, Douglas (1974) recorded the following comparative dry-matter yields between Sudan grasses and pearl millet on a fertile, irrigated soil. Suitability for hay and silage
Little hay has been made, and Norman and Stewart (1964) preferred a standing mature crop for dry-season grazing to conservation. However, the crop has been ensiled successfully in several countries (Ghana, Nigeria, the United States, Zimbabwe), and has proved the equal of maize silage when cut at eight to 12 weeks (full flowering). Chapman (1978), in Natal, found the best time to harvest was three weeks after flowering, when its dry-matter yield compared favourably with maize. Value as a standover or deferred feed
Norman and Stewart (1964) found the crop excellent for dry-season grazing by beef cattle, and live-weight gains averaged 296 kg/ha over 16 weeks at Katherine, Northern Territory Australia, during a period when live weight on native pasture declined. Toxicity
Grazing lactating cows on millet has led to marked butterfat depression, and it has been suggested (Schneider et al., 1970) that high succinic and oxalic acids may be the cause. Under heavy nitrogen fertilization, high nitrate may be recorded. HCN contents are not sufficiently high to be hazardous to stock. Seed yield
Millet hybrids have been known to yield up to 6 t grain per hectare, but yields in the Northern Territory of Australia have been nearer 600 kg/ha. Cultivars
'Katherine Pearl' derived from seed introduced from Ghana and developed by CSIRO Australia, at Katherine, Northern Territory. It requires a growing season of three to four months from sowing to flowering, and a day length of 12-12.5 hours for flower formation. A high producer of dry matter and crude protein during the wet season, averaging almost 12 000 kg DM/ha per year over an 11-year period. Grain yields averaged 650 kg/ha. The crude protein content of the young plant reaches 28 percent but decreases to 8 percent at maturity. The seed is pearly white to grey. 'Ingrid Pearl' introduced to Australia from West Africa. It has leaves which are less hairy, lighter green and wider than 'Katherine Pearl'. Seeds are smaller, yellow or greenish-grey, and very tightly packed in the seed- head. It flowers one to two weeks earlier than 'Katherine Pearl' and hence is more suited to a short wet season. 'Tamworth' selected from crosses of cv. Gahi, bred in Georgia, United States. It is mainly used for late summer and autumn grazing in the coastal districts of New South Wales. 'MX 001' the first hybrid Pennisetum millet produced commercially in Australia. It produces fine-leaved forage from vigorously tillering plants. It matures early- to mid-season, after making rapid initial growth (Douglas, 1974). 'Kawanda 4' a high-yielding variety in Uganda, yielding 18 135 kg/ha of dry matter, with 10.2 percent protein. Hybrids P 99, P 97 and P 81 resulting from crosses between P. purpureum and P. americanum. They have proved very productive in Uganda, P 99 being the best. Mugerwa and Ogwang (1979) suggest cutting at eight to ten weeks for direct feeding or conservation as silage. The yields of hybrids P 99, P 97 and P 81 were 20 726, 20 344 and 17 378 kg/ha of dry matter, and 9.8, 9.1 and 7.8 percent crude protein respectively. 'Starr' a synthetic variety developed by pooling selfed seeds from a number of leafy, medium-tall, uniformly-maturing F1 progenies from a wide cross (Burton & Powell, 1968). 'Tiflate' a short-day, photoperiod-sensitive, late-maturing synthetic that remains vegetative throughout the long summer season in Georgia, United States. It is leafier, easier to manage, gives better seasonal distribution of forage, and lasts longer than 'Starr' (Burton & Powell, 1968). 'Gahi 1' similar to 'Starr', but is capable of yielding 25-30 percent more forage. It is a first-generation chance hybrid (Burton & Powell, 1968). 'Tiff 23A' produces high forage yields in the United States and improves the quality (digestibility and disease resistance) of its hybrids (Burton, 1970). 'Millex 22' a commercial variety of hybrid pearl millet in the United States, produced by crossing selected males on Tift 23A pearl millet (Burton, 1970). 'Anand' the most suitable fodder cultivar in Haryana, India (Singh et al., 1977). Pennisetum americanum x P. purpureum hybrids hybrid pennisetums, such as Napier-bajra hybrid, elephant-bajra hybrid or hybrid Napier on cv. Gajraj and cv. Pusa Giant Napier, give very high fodder yields. The all-India trials yielded 200-400 tonnes green forage per hectare per year. It is palatable and readily eaten by cattle and sheep, and is a good standover forage for maintenance only. It is useful for silage. Seed-producing F1 hybrids have not yet been obtained (Muldoon & Pearson, 1979). Diseases
The main diseases, among many listed by Ferraris (1973), are smuts (caused by Helminthosporium spp.), downy mildew and top rot. In Queensland, a leaf spot is caused by a fungus, Cercospora. Main attributes
It is the main cereal in semi-arid regions where sorghum cannot be profitable. It is a palatable, high-yielding summer forage, generally free from HCN; it can exploit soil nutrients to the full and tolerate water stress. Main deficiencies
It is a little coarse for hay. Optimum temperature for growth
Summer temperatures should be high. Maximum germination occurs at a day/night temperature of 20/25°C (R.M. Hughes, 1979). Minimum temperature for growth
7.0°C + 6.3. Low temperatures retard germination and at 10°C, photosynthesis is negligible (Russell & Webb, 1976). Frost tolerance
Temperatures near 0°C are lethal. Latitudinal limits
14-32°N and S (Russell & Webb, 1976).y Ability to compete with weeds
Most crops of pearl millet are sown in rows and cultivated between the rows. Where fodder crops are grown at high densities the crop canopy suppresses weed growth. Maximum germination and quality required for sale
In Africa one of the worst pests is the root parasite, Striga hermonthica, and less commonly S. Iutea. The red-billed weaver bird, locusts and Quelea quelea aethiopica take heavy toll. Heliothis armigera attacks seed-heads, and the stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis, is also damaging. Ferraris (1973) gives a full list of pests. Palatability
Young pearl millet is very palatable. Response to photoperiod
Both day-neutral and short-day varieties exist. Burton and Powell (1968) suggested that short-day, photoperiod-sensitive, late-maturing millets should be superior to the other lines since they are leafier and have a better seasonal distribution of forage production. Grain production would best be improved by the use of photoperiod-insensitive types which mature early. The crop would thus escape drought and could be planted several times a year if conditions were favourable. Chemical analysis and digestibility
The crude protein content depends on the age of the crop, young growth giving the highest proportion. Dry- matter digestibility ranges from 75.3 percent in young pearl millet leaves to 61.4 percent in old leaves. The lowest digestibility figure was 55 percent in mature, previously-grazed stands which were making slow recovery (see also Digitaria ciliaris). Natural habitat
Cultivation. Tolerance to flooding
It does not tolerate flooding, especially during the summer. Fertilizer requirements
Bulrush millet is seldom manured by villagers in Africa; in India, farmyard manure may be used, and African nomads plant it on village cattle camps when the herds go on trek. The most common fertilizer element in use under cultivation is nitrogen at 60-100 kg N/ha, balanced with about half this level of P2O5, and potassium as needed. For use as fodder higher nitrogen dressings may be used. Bulrush millet has an outstanding ability to recover deep accumulations of nitrate nitrogen from soils. In the United States, fodder dry matter responds to fertilizer nitrogen up to 400 kg/ha. Compatibility with other grasses and legumes
It is usually grown as a pure stand. In India it has been grown with Cajanus cajan, the mixture providing a useful cover to reduce soil erosion. Genetics and reproduction
2n=14; the haploid chromosome number in pollen mother cells is thus 7. Burton and Powell (1968) consider millet to be an excellent plant for genetic and cytogenetic research, as the small number of large chromosomes and the clear meiotic stages allow detailed study. Interspecific hybridization of P. americanum has usually only been successful with P. purpureum. Bana grass is one such cross and is widely used in south-east Queensland as a wind- break on vegetable farms; it also provides useful fodder. A millet-breeding unit is centred on the EAAFRO, Serere Research Station in Uganda and at Coastal Plains Research Station, Tifton, Georgia, United States. Seed production and harvesting
Seeds are ready to harvest three to four weeks after anthesis. They vary from 3 to 10 mg in weight. Uneven ripening of tillers necessitates multiple harvests where manual methods are used. The seed can be harvested directly by combines, but for tall varieties a roller attached in front of the comb will make the harvesting height easier to handle. Economics
Pearl millet is an important grain crop in Africa where the rainfall is not secure enough for sorghum or maize. In the United States and Australia it is a useful, non-toxic forage to replace forage sorghum. The stalks are used in the dry tropics for home building. Animal production
In southern Africa, pearl millet yielded an average of 25.2 tonnes of green matter (Haylett, 1961). Clark, Hemken and Vandersall (1965) found pearl millet equivalent to Sudan grass and a sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid for dry- matter yield, carrying capacity and milk yield for lactating cows. Carrying capacity varied from 4.7 to 6.7 cows per hectare per day with millet over a three-year period, and adjusted milk production averaged 19.8 kg per day. Body weight losses were least with millet. The grazing season averaged 121 days. At Katherine, in the Northern Territory, Australia, wet season grazing by beef cattle at a stocking rate of 2.5 beasts per hectare produced a live-weight gain of 102 kg per head in 20-24 weeks, an increase of 51 kg per head over native pasture (Norman, 1963b). Cattle grazing standing millet in the dry season made an average live-weight gain of 269 kg/ha over 16 weeks, during a period when animals grazing natural pasture lost weight (Norman & Stewart, 1964). Between January and March in the Macquarie Valley, New South Wales, irrigated cv. MX 001 yielded 18 950 kg DM/ha and 274 kg/ha of live-weight gain, 0.95 kg per day on a per caput basis (Upton, 1978). At Katherine, Northern Territory, Norman and Phillips (1968) conducted 18 grazing trials (from 1960 to 1967) with pearl millet. Further reading
Several reports state that the seed of pearl millet exhibits post harvest dormancy of several weeks. Value for erosion control
In pure stands (for seed production) it affords little soil protection, but in dense stands (for forage production) or in conjunction with a legume, for example Cajanus cajan in India, it is useful. Tolerance to salinity
It is tolerant of salinity and was used for reclamation of salt lands in Sind because of its ability to take up salts (Tamhane & Mulwani, 1937; Ravikovitch & Porath, 1967). Soil salt concentrations of 1 400 to 2 600 ppm produced only slight tip burn (Smith & Clark, 1968).#S Links for the genus:
Grass genera of the world: Rich information about the genus, photographs, drawings and links to other grasses The Pennisetum genus: Description and links to other Poaceae Species, cultivars, culture and propagation protein powder for weight loss
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Guava, Psidium guava 's fruit ...Trái Ổi ....
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants Những tấm hình này đã up load trong account cũ của tôi là " jesuismal ", nay đã delete. These photos in this set were up loaded in my old account "jesuismal" which I deleted.
Vietnamese named : Ổi English names : Guava Scientist name : Psidium guava Linn. Synonyms : Calyptropsidium O.Berg Corynemyrtus (Kiaersk.) Mattos Guajava Mill. Mitropsidium Burret Family : Myrtaceae. Họ Sim ( Đào Kim Nương )
Ổi ta (danh pháp khoa học: Psidium guajava) là loài cây ăn quả thường xanh lâu năm, thuộc họ Đào kim nương, có nguồn gốc từ Brasil.
Đặc điểm
Cây ổi nhỏ hơn cây vải, nhãn, cao nhiều nhất 10m, đường kính thân tối đa 30cm. Những giống mới còn nhỏ và lùn hơn nữa[1]. Thân cây chắc, khỏe, ngắn vì phân cành sớm. Thân nhẵn nhụi rất ít bị sâu đục, vỏ già có thể tróc ra từng mảng phía dưới lại có một lượt vỏ mới cũng nhẵn, màu xám, hơi xanh. Cành non 4 cạnh, khi già mới tròn dần, lá đối xứng[1]. Hoa lưỡng tính, bầu hạ, mọc từng chùm 2, 3 chiếc, ít khi ở đầu cành mà thường ở nách lá, cánh 5, màu trắng, nhiều nhị vàng, hạt phấn nhỏ rất nhiều, phôi cũng nhiều. Ngoại hoa thụ phấn dễ dàng nhưng cũng có thể tự thụ phấn[1]. Quả to từ 4 – 5g đến 500 – 700 g gần tròn, dài thuôn hoặc hình chữ lê. Hạt nhiều, trộn giữa một khối thịt quả màu trắng, hồng, đỏ vàng. Từ khi thụ phấn đến khi quả chín khoảng 100 ngày
Các giống ổi
Có nhiều giống ổi khác nhau: ổi trâu, ổi Bo, ổi xá lị có quả to nhưng kém thơm ngọt; ổi mỡ, ổi găng, ổi đào, ổi nghệ tuy quả nhỏ nhưng ngọt và rất thơm
Thành phần dinh dưỡng và hoá học
Quả và lá ổi đều chứa beta-sitosterol, quereetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin và avicularin; lá còn có tinh dầu dễ bay hơi, eugenol; quả chín chứa nhiều vitamin C và các polysaccarit như fructoza, xyloza, glucoza, rhamnoza, galactoza...; rễ có chứa axit arjunolic; vỏ rễ chứa tanin và các axit hữu cơ[3]. Hàm lượng dinh dưỡng trung bình trong 100 gam quả ổi: 1 gam protein, 15 mg canxi, 1 mg sắt, 0,06 mg retinol (vitamin A), 0,05 mg thiamin (vitamin B1) và 200 mg axit ascorbic (vitamin C). Hàm lượng vitamin C cao trong quả ổi hơn đáng kể so với trong cam[4]. Quả ổi cũng giàu pectin[5]. Theo một tài liệu khác, quả ổi chứa 77,9% nước, 0,9% protein, 0,3% lipit, 15 %cacbohydrat, 0,3% axit hữu cơ, 0,5 % tro, 0,03 mg% vitamin B1, 0,03 mg% vitamin B2, 0,2 mg% vitamin PP, 50 -60 mg% vitamin C[2]. Các loại đường trong quả ổi gồm 58,9 % fructoza, 35,7 % glucoza, 5,3 % saccaroza. Các axit hữu cơ chính là axit citric và axit malic[2]. Theo Bộ Nông nghiệp Hoa Kỳ (healthaliciousness.com )
Quả ổi, giống Apple Guava, tính theo 100 g phần ăn được Năng lượng36-50 cal Hàm lượng nước77-86 g Xơ tiêu hóa2,8-5,5 g Protein0,9-1,0 g Chất béo0,1-0,5 g Tro0,43-0,7 g Carbohydrat9,5-10 g Calcium9,1–17 mg Phospho17,8–30 mg Sắt0,30-0,70 mg Carotene (Vitamin A)200-400 I.U Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C)200–400 mg Thiamin (Vitamin B1)0,046 mg Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)0,03-0.04 mg Niacin (Vitamin B3)0,6-1,068 mg Trong lá ổi có chứa 10 phần trăm tanin cùng các thành phần tương tự và 0,3 % tinh dầu (chủ yếu là caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, ngoài ra có aromadendrene, β-selinene, nerolidiol, oxit caryophyllene và Sel-11-en-4a-ol và eugenol), và cũng có thể có tecpen (axit oleanolic, axit ursolic)[7]. Vỏ cây chứa 25-30% tanin
Điều kiện sinh thái
Cây ổi lá xanh quanh năm, không chịu được rét, độ nhiệt -2 °C cả cây lớn cũng chết. Ngược lại ổi chịu đựng dễ dàng những độ nhiệt cao ở các sa mạc nếu đủ nước. Độ nhiệt thấp ví dụ dưới 18 - 20 °C thì quả bé, phát triển chậm chất lượng kém[1]. Ổi thích khí hậu ẩm, nếu lượng mưa hàng năm 1.500 – 4.000 mm phân bố tương đối đều thì không phải tưới. Bộ rễ của ổi thích nghi tốt với sự thay đổi đột ngột độ ẩm trong đất. Nếu trời hạn, mực nước ngầm thấp, ổi có khả năng phát triển nhanh một số rễ thẳng đứng ăn sâu xuống đất tận 3 – 4 m và hơn. Nếu mưa nhiều, mực nước dâng cao ổi đâm nhiều rễ ăn trở lại mặt đất do đó không bị ngạt.. Thậm chí bị ngập hẳn vài ngày ổi cũng không chết. Ổi trồng được ở nhiều loại đất, pH thích hợp từ 4,5 đến 8,2. Ổi không sợ gió nhưng giống quả to lá to khi bị bão bị rách lá, rụng quả
Công dụng
[sửa]Làm thực phẩm Quả ổi có thể được ăn tươi hoặc chế biến thành mứt đông hay đồ hộp nước ổi. Tuỳ theo từng giống ổi mà quả ổi chín có thể có vị ngọt hay chua. [sửa]Làm thuốc Các bộ phận của cây ổi như búp non, lá non, quả, vỏ rễ và vỏ thân đều được dùng để làm thuốc. Nghiên cứu dược lý cho thấy dịch chiết các bộ phận của cây ổi đều có khả năng kháng khuẩn, làm săn se niêm mạc và cầm đi lỏng[3]. Theo dược học cổ truyền, lá ổi vị đắng sáp, tính ấm, có công dụng tiêu thũng giải độc, thu sáp chỉ huyết; quả ổi vị ngọt hơi chua sáp, tính ấm, có công dụng thu liễm, kiện vị cố tràng; các bộ phận của cây ổi thường được dùng để chữa các chứng bệnh như tiết tả (đi lỏng), cửu lỵ (lỵ mạn tính), viêm dạ dày ruột cấp tính và mạn tính, thấp độc, thấp chẩn, sang thương xuất huyết, tiêu khát (tiểu đường), băng huyết...[3] Các bài thuốc dân gian từ cây ổi được sử dụng ở Việt Nam, Trung Quốc, Hawaii, Trung Mỹ, Nam Mỹ, Caribe, Tây Phi... [sửa]Công dụng khác Vỏ cây được sử dụng trong quá trình thuộc da nhờ có hàm lượng tannin cao
Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common shade tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava fruits are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves. In the richness of the Amazon, guava fruits often grow well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties average about 10 meters in height and produce lemon-sized fruits. The tree is easily identified by its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark that flakes off, showing a greenish layer beneath.
Guava fruit today is considered minor in terms of commercial world trade but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world. Guava has spread widely throughout the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. The fruits contain numerous seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four years. In the Amazon rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest.
TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES
Guava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, and the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today.
The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea. In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth. A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores. Flowers are also mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries.
Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the Pacific tropical regions, so that it is now cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or hardened jam, and juice. Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diarrhea, and the leaves are still used for diarrhea in Latin America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal medicine systems today the plant is employed for diarrhea, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, gastric disorders, vomiting, coughs, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru. A decoction is also recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for skin ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges.
PLANT CHEMICALS
Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fiber and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin - a dietary fiber. The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guava's therapeutic activity is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Quercetin is thought to contribute to the anti-diarrhea effect of guava; it is able to relax intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show antispasmodic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.
The long history of guava's use has led modern-day researchers to study guava extracts. Its traditional use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant drug has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the drug indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea. In a clinical study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87.1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has "good curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis."
Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect: it has been documented with pronounced antibacterial, antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a tranquilizing effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines. In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea).
The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guava's documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria. In several studies guava showed significant antibacterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions.
In a recent study with guinea pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous effects on the cardiovascular system which might be beneficial in treating irregular heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function. In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce blood pressure by an average 8 points, decrease total cholesterol levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase "good" HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to obtain these results!). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower blood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. Most of these studies confirm the plant's many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems.
CURRENT PRACTICAL USES
Guava, known as the poor man's apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful natural remedy for diarrhea - safe enough even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is helpful for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup once or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely available in the U.S. market, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes; from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight loss formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects.
Traditional Preparation: The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective children's diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily.
Contraindications:
Guava has recently demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications. Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia. Drug Interactions: None reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications.
