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Taken in Củ Chi district, Hồ chí Minh city, South Vietnam.
Vietnamese named : Măng Cụt Common names : Queen of Fruits , Scientist name : Garcinia mangostana L. Synonyms : Family : Clusiaceae . Họ Bứa Kingdom:Plantae (unranked):Angiosperms (unranked):Eudicots (unranked):Rosids Order:Malpighiales Genus:Garcinia Species:G. mangostana
Măng cụt, một trái cây nhiệt đới đã được giới tiêu-thụ Âu-Mỹ đánh giá là một trong những trái cây ngon nhất, Jacobus Bontius đã gọi măng cụt là ‘Hoàng hậu của các loại trái cây (Queen of fruits)’, mà nếu có dịp gặp được quả tươi thì hãy thử ngay, đừng chần chừ. Bên cạnh gíá trị dinh dưỡng cao, măng cụt còn là một nguồn cung cấp dược liệu để trị bệnh khá độc đáo, những nghiên cứu mới đã nhằm vào khả năng trị ung thư của cây.
I/ Tên khoa học và các tên thông thường:
Garcinia mangostana thuộc họ thực vật Clusiaceae (Guttifereae)
Các tên gọi khác: Mangosteen (Anh-Mỹ), Mangoustan (Pháp), Sơn Trúc Tử (Trung Hoa), Mangkhut (Thái lan)
Giống Garcinia được đặt tên để ghi nhớ nhà thực vật học Laurence Garcia, người đã sưu tập các mẫu cây cỏ và sống tại Ấn Độ vào thế kỷ 18. Mangostana và tên Anh ngữ mangosteen đều phát xuất từ tên Mã lai của cây: mangustan.
II/ Đặc tính thực vật:
Măng cụt có nguồn gốc từ Mã Lai và Indonesia, được trồng từ hàng chục thế kỷ, cây đã được Thuyền Trưởng Cook mô tả khá chi tiết từ năm 1770, và được đưa đến Sri Lanka vào năm 1800, được trồng tại Anh trong các nhà kiếng (green house) từ 1855, sau đó đưa đến West Indies từ giữa thế kỷ 19. Đây là một loại cây đòi hỏi điều kiện thổ nhưỡng khắt khe cần khí hậu nóng và ẩm, cây tăng trưởng rất chậm, sau 2-3 năm cây chỉ cao đến đầu gối, chỉ bắt đầu cho quả sau 10-15 năm.. Cây đã được các nhà truyền giáo du nhập vào Nam Việt Nam từ lâu, trồng nhiều nhất tại Lái Thiêu, Thủ Dầu Một. Việt Nam đã có lúc là nơi có những vườn măng cụt lớn nhất thế giới, với những vườn rộng hàng chục mẫu, có hàng ngàn cây, mỗi cây cho được từ 700 đến 900 quả. Cây hiện được trồng nhiều tại Thái Lan, Kampuchea, Myanmar (Miến điện), Sri Lanka và Philippines.
Hiện có khoảng 100 loài khác nhau được nuôi trồng.
Măng cụt thuộc loại cây to, trung bình 7-12 m nhưng có thể cao đến 20- 25 m, thân có vỏ màu nâu đen xậm, có nhựa (resin) màu vàng. Lá dày và cứng, bóng, mọc đối, mặt trên của lá có màu xậm hơn mặt dưới, hình thuôn dài 15-25 cm, rộng 6-11 cm, cuống dài 1.2-2.5 cm. Hoa đa tính thường là hoa cái và hoa lưỡng tính. Hoa mọc đơn độc hay từng đôi. Hoa loại lưỡng tính màu trắng hay hồng nhạt, có 4 lá đài và 4 cánh hoa, có 16-17 nhị và bầu noãn có 5-8 ô. Quả hình cầu tròn, đường kính chừng 4-7 cm, có mang đài hoa còn tồn tại; vỏ quả màu đỏ nâu, dai và xốp. Quả chứa 5-8 hạt: quanh hạt có lớp áo bọc màu trắng có vị ngọt, thơm và khá ngon. Cây trổ hoa vào tháng 2-5, ra quả trong các tháng 5-8. (giống Garcinia còn gồm một số cây tương cận, đa số mọc trong vùng Đông Ấn = West Indies, trong đó có thể kể Garcinia cambogia hay Bứa, Garcinia cowa cung cấp quả Cowa-Mangosteen lớn hơn và có khía màu vàng apricot, vị chua; Garcinia indica hay Cocum = Conca cho quả chua, áo hạt màu tím, dùng làm giấm, hạt ép lấy dầu.)
III/ Thành phần dinh dưỡng:
100 gram phần ăn được (quả tươi) chứa - Calories 60-63 - Chất đạm 0.5-0.60 g - Chất béo 0.1-0.60 g - Chất carbohydrates 10-14.7 g - Chất sơ 5.0-5.10 g - Calcium 0.01- 8 mg - Sắt 0.20- 0.80 mg - Phosphorus 0.02- 12.0 mg - Thiamine (B1) 0.03 mg - Vitamin C 1-2 mg (ngoài ra còn có Potassium, Niacin...)
Quả măng cụt thường được ăn tươi, khía quanh quả, bẻ đôi theo đường khía, để ăn các múi trắng, bỏ hột trong, có vị ngọt, mọng nước. Tại đảo Sulu có giống măng cụt vị hơi chua, được dùng làm mứt trộn với đường thô. Tại Mã Lai, quả chưa chín hẳn được dùng làm mứt halwa manggis.
Măng cụt rất mau hư, có thể giữ 2-3 ngày ở nhiệt độ bình thường, khoảng 1 tuần trong tủ lạnh nhưng không thể giữ trong tủ đông lạnh (freezer)
IV/ Thành phần hóa học:
Thành phần hóa học thay đổi tùy theo bộ phận: - Lá chứa nhiều xanthones loại di và tri hydroxy-methoxy (methyl, butyl...) - Gỗ thân có maclurin, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone và xanthone-glucosides. - Vỏ quả: có chrysanthemin, tannins (7-13 %), các hợp chất đắng loại xanthones như mangostin (gồm cả 3-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin hydrate, 1-iso mangostin, alpha và beta mangostin, gamma-mangostin, nor-mangostin...), garcinones A, B, C; kolanone; các xanthones như BR-xanthone-A, -B. - Áo hạt: calabaxanthone, demethyl calabaxanthone, mangostin. - Nhựa: chứa xanthones có những hoạt tính kháng sinh, chống sưng và kháng nấm, đặc biệt là một hợp chất loại biphenyl geranylated (Natural Products Tháng 4-2005)
V/ Dược tính:
1- Y dược dân gian:
- Tại Thái Lan: Vỏ măng cụt khô được dùng để trị tiêu chảy, chữa vết thương. Để trị tiêu chảy, vỏ khô được nấu với nước vôi, chắt lấy nước để uống.
- Tại Việt Nam: Vỏ quả được sắc dùng uống để trị tiêu chảy, kiết lỵ; Nước sắc được dùng để rửa vệ sinh phụ nữ.
- Tại Ấn Độ: Cây được gọi là mangustan, vỏ để trị tiêu chảy. Lá nấu để xúc miệng, trị lở trong miệng.
2- Các nghiên cứu dược học về măng cụt: (theo Thai Medicinal Plants)
- Tác dụng ức nén hệ thần kinh trung ương: Mangostin, một hợp chất loại xanthone và các chất chuyển hóa tạo ra nhưng phản ứng ức chế thần kinh trung ương gây các triệu chứng như sụp mi mắt (ptosis), dịu đau, giảm hoạt động của thần kinh vận động, tăng cường hoạt tính gây ngủ và gây mê của pentobarbital.
- Tác dụng trên hệ tim mạch: Mangostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside tạo ra các hiệu ứng rõ rệt trên hệ tim mạch của ếch và chó: Gây kích thích cơ tim, tăng huyết áp nơi thú vật thử nghiệm. Cả hai tác dụng này đều bị ức chế một phần bởi propranolol.
- Tác dụng chống sưng, viêm: Mangostin, 1-isomanfostin và mangos tin triacetate có những hoạt tính chống sưng khi dùng chích qua màng phúc mô hay khi cho uống nơi chuột bị gây phù chân bằng carrageenan, hay bằng cấy cục bông gòn dưới da..Các chất này không có hiệu ứng ổn định màng tế bào. Các hoạt tính chống viêm này được giải thích là do ở ức chế hoạt động của men IKK (inhibitor kappaB kinase) do đó ngăn được sự chuyển mã (transcription) gen COX-2 và gây giảm bài tiết PGE(2) là tác nhân chính trong tiến trình gây sưng. (Molecular Pharmacology Tháng 9-2004). Gamma-mangostin, một xanthone loại tetraoxygenated diprenylated, có hoạt tính ức chế tương tranh hoạt động của cả COX-1 lẫn COX-2 ở liều IC50=0.8 và 2 micro M (Biochemistry Pharmacology Tháng 1/2002)
- Tác dụng chống ung loét bao tử: Mangostin có hoạt tính chống ung loét khi thử trên chuột.
- Hoạt tính kháng sinh: Có nhiều nghiên cứu ghi nhận khả năng kháng sinh của vỏ măng cụt. Các vi khuẩn thử nghiệm thuộc nhóm gây kiết lỵ như shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, sh. sonnei và sh. boydii hoặc thuộc nhóm gây tiêu chảy như escherichia coli, streptococcus feacalis, vibryo cholerae. Hỗn hợp thô 5 loại xanthones, trích từ vỏ măng cụt (mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, gartanin và 8-deoxygartanin) có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của s.aureus.
Mangostin ức chế S. aureus (cả chủng bình thường lẫn chủng kháng penicillin ở nồng độ tối thiểu (MIC=Minimal inhibitory concentration là 7.8 mg/ml. Alpha, beta-mangostin và Garcinone B có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của Mycobacterium tuberculosis ở nồng độ MIC= 6.25 mcg/ml. Dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng ethanol có tiềm năng ức chế được protease của HIV-1. Hoạt tính này được xác định là do mangostin (IC50=5.12 +/- 0.41 microM) và gamma-mangostin (IC50= 4.81 +/- 0.32 microM) (Planta Medica Tháng 8-1996)
- Hoạt tính kháng nấm: Mangostin kháng được trichophyton menta grophytes, microsporum gypseum và epidermophyton floccosum ở nồng độ 1 mg/ml nhưng không tác dụng trên candida albicans. Nghiên cứu tại Trung Tâm Nghiên Cứu Nông Nghiệp Madras (Ấn độ) ghi nhận xanthones trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính chống các loại nấm gây bệnh fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, alternaria tenuis và dreschlera oryzae.
- Tác dụng diệt cá: Dịch chiết bằng nước vỏ măng cụt cho thấy có tác dụng diệt cá rô phi (Tilapia = Oreochromis niloticus) ở nồng độ 1,000 ppm.
- Hoạt tính chống ung thư: Có khá nhiều nghiên cứu về tác dụng của các xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt trên các tế bào ung thư:
- Nghiên cứu tại Veterans General Hospital, Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa Dân quốc) ghi nhận Garcinone E, một chất chuyển hóa xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính diệt bào trên tế bào ung thư gan loại hepatocellular carcinomas, ung thư ruột và ung thư phổi (Planta Medica Số 11-2002).
- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ môn Sinh học về Dược Phân tử tại ĐH Dược Tohoku (Nhật) ghi nhận các xanthones trong vỏ măng cụt một số hoạt tính gây apoptosis (tiến trình tế bào được mã hóa để tự hủy diệt) trên các tế bào ung thư loại pheochromocytoma nơi chuột: Alpha-mangostin được cho là có khả năng ức chế được men Ca(2+)-ATPase là men gây ra apoptosis qua các lộ trình nơi mitochondria (Journal of Pharmacology Sciences (Tháng 5/2004)
- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ Môn Vi trùng Học, ĐH Dược Khoa, Viện ĐH Mahidol (Bangkok-Thai Lan) cho thấy dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng methanol có hoạt tính khá mạnh ngăn chặn được sự phát triển, có tiềm lực oxy hóa mạnh, và gây apoptosis nơi tế bào ung thư vú của người (loại SKBR3) (Jourmnal of Ethnopharmacology Tháng 1/2004)
- Nghiên cứu tại Trường Y Khoa, ĐH Ryukyus (Okinawa-Nhật) cho thấy alpha-mangostin thô có tiềm lực ức chế được sự tăng trưởng, phát triển của các tế bào ung thư ruột loại ‘preneoplastic’ nơi chuột thử nghiệm (Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Tháng 10/2004)
- Nghiên cứu tại Viện Kỹ thuật Sinh Học Gifu (Nhật) ghi nhận càc xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt, nhất là alpha-mangostin, có tác dụng ức chế được sự tăng trưởng của tế bào ung thư máu nơi người (dòng tế bào ung thư HL60). Liều ức chế hoàn toàn là 10 microM (Journal of Natural Products Tháng 8/2003)
Tài liệu sử dụng: •Thai Medicinal Plants (Norman Farnsworth & Nunthavan Buniapra phatsara). •Từ điển Cây thuốc Việ Nam (Võ văn Chi) •Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad) •The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)
One of the most praised of tropical fruits, and certainly the most esteemed fruit in the family Guttiferae, the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., is almost universally known or heard of by this name. There are numerous variations in nomenclature: among Spanish-speaking people, it is called mangostan; to the French, it is mangostanier, mangoustanier, mangouste or mangostier; in Portuguese, it is mangostao, mangosta or mangusta; in Dutch, it is manggis or manggistan; in Vietnamese, mang cut; in Malaya, it may be referred to in any of these languages or by the local terms, mesetor, semetah, or sementah; in the Philippines, it is mangis or mangostan. Throughout the Malay Archipelago, there are many different spellings of names similar to most of the above.
Plate XLI: MANGOSTEEN, Garcinia mangostana—Painted by Dr. M.J. Dijkman Description
The mangosteen tree is very slow-growing, erect, with a pyramidal crown; attains 20 to 82 ft (6-25 m) in height, has dark-brown or nearly black, flaking bark, the inner bark containing much yellow, gummy, bitter latex. The evergreen, opposite, short-stalked leaves are ovate-oblong or elliptic, leathery and thick, dark-green, slightly glossy above, yellowish-green and dull beneath; 3 1/2 to 10 in (9-25 cm) long, 1 3/4 to 4 in (4.5-10 cm) wide, with conspicuous, pale midrib. New leaves are rosy. Flowers, 1 1/2 to 2 in (4-5 cm) wide and fleshy, may be male or hermaphrodite on the same tree. The former are in clusters of 3-9 at the branch tips; there are 4 sepals and 4 ovate, thick, fleshy petals, green with red spots on the outside, yellowish-red inside, and many stamens though the aborted anthers bear no pollen. The hermaphrodite are borne singly or in pairs at the tips of young branchlets; their petals may be yellowish-green edged with red or mostly red, and are quickly shed.
The fruit, capped by the prominent calyx at the stem end and with 4 to 8 triangular, flat remnants of the stigma in a rosette at the apex, is round, dark-purple to red-purple and smooth externally; 1 1/3 to 3 in (3.4-7.5 cm) in diameter. The rind is 1/4 to 3/8 in (6-10 mm) thick, red in cross-section, purplish-white on the inside. It contains bitter yellow latex and a purple, staining juice. There are 4 to 8 triangular segments of snow-white, juicy, soft flesh (actually the arils of the seeds). The fruit may be seedless or have 1 to 5 fully developed seeds, ovoid-oblong, somewhat flattened, 1 in (2.5 cm) long and 5/8 in (1.6 cm) wide, that cling to the flesh. The flesh is slightly acid and mild to distinctly acid in flavor and is acclaimed as exquisitely luscious and delicious.
Origin and Distribution
The place of origin of the mangosteen is unknown but is believed to be the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas; still, there are wild trees in the forests of Kemaman, Malaya. Corner suggests that the tree may have been first domesticated in Thailand, or Burma. It is much cultivated in Thailand–where there were 9,700 acres (4,000 ha) in 1965–also in Kampuchea, southern Vietnam and Burma, throughout Malaya and Singapore. The tree was planted in Ceylon about 1800 and in India in 1881. There it succeeds in 4 limited areas–the Nilgiri Hills, the Tinnevelly district of southern Madras, the Kanya-kumani district at the southernmost tip of the Madras peninsula, and in Kerala State in southwestern India. The tree is fairly common only in the provinces of Mindanao and Sulu (or Jolo) in the Philippines. It is rare in Queensland, where it has been tried many times since 1854, and poorly represented in tropical Africa (Zanzibar, Ghana, Gabon and Liberia). There were fruiting trees in greenhouses in England in 1855. The mangosteen was introduced into Trinidad from the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, England, between 1850 and 1860 and the first fruit was borne in 1875. It reached the Panama Canal Zone and Puerto Rico in 1903 but there are only a few trees in these areas, in Jamaica, Dominica and Cuba, and some scattered around other parts of the West Indies. The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Java in 1906 (S.P.I. #17146). A large test block of productive trees has been maintained at the Lancetilla Experimental Station at Tela, Honduras, for many years. Quite a few trees distributed by the United Fruit Company long ago have done well on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. In 1924, Dr. Wilson Popenoe saw the mangosteen growing at one site in Ecuador. In 1939, 15,000 seeds were distributed by the Canal Zone Experiment Gardens to many areas of tropical America. It is probable that only a relatively few seedlings survived. It is known that many die during the first year. Dr. Victor Patiño has observed flourishing mangosteen trees at the site of an old mining settlement in Mariquita, Colombia, in the Magdalena Valley and the fruits are sold on local markets. Dierberger Agricola Ltda., of Sao Paulo, included the mangosteen in their nursery catalog in 1949.
Despite early trials in Hawaii, the tree has not become well acclimatized and is still rare in those islands. Neither has it been successful in California. It encounters very unfavorable soil and climate in Florida. Some plants have been grown for a time in containers in greenhouses. One tree in a very protected coastal location and special soil lived to produce a single fruit and then succumbed to winter cold.
Despite the oft-repeated Old World enthusiasm for this fruit, it is not always viewed as worth the trouble to produce. In Jamaica, it is regarded as nice but overrated; not comparable to a good field-ripe pineapple or a choice mango.
Varieties
According to Corner, the fruit from seedling trees is fairly uniform; only one distinct variation is known and that is in the Sulu Islands. The fruit is larger, the rind thicker than normal, and the flesh more acid; the flavor more pronounced. In North Borneo, a seemingly wild form has only 4 carpels, each containing a fully-developed seed, and this is probably not unique.
Climate
The mangosteen is ultra-tropical. It cannot tolerate temperatures below 40º F (4.44º C), nor above 100º F (37.78º C). Nursery seedlings are killed at 45º F (7.22º C).
It is limited in Malaya to elevations below 1,500 ft (450 m). In Madras it grows from 250 to 5,000 ft (76-1,500 m) above sea-level. Attempts to establish it north of 200 latitude have all failed.
It ordinarily requires high atmospheric humidity and an annual rainfall of at least 50 in (127 cm), and no long periods of drought. In Dominica, mangosteens growing in an area having 80 in (200 cm) of rain yearly required special care, but those in another locality with 105 in (255 cm) and soil with better moisture- holding capacity, flourished.
Soil
The tree is not adapted to limestone and does best in deep, rich organic soil, especially sandy loam or laterite. In India, the most productive specimens are on clay containing much coarse material and a little silt. Sandy alluvial soils are unsuitable and sand low in humus contributes to low yields. The tree needs good drainage and the water table ought to be about 6 ft (1.8 m) below ground level. However, in the Canal Zone, productive mangosteen groves have been established where it is too wet for other fruit trees–in swamps requiring drainage ditches between rows and in situations where the roots were bathed with flowing water most of the year, in spite of the fact that standing water in nursery beds will kill seedlings. The mangosteen must be sheltered from strong winds and salt spray, as well as saline soil or water.
Propagation
Technically, the so-called "seeds" are not true seeds but adventitious embryos, or hypocotyl tubercles, inasmuch as there has been no sexual fertilization. When growth begins, a shoot emerges from one end of the seed and a root from the other end. But this root is short-lived and is replaced by roots which develop at the base of the shoot. The process of reproduction being vegetative, there is naturally little variation in the resulting trees and their fruits. Some of the seeds are polyembryonic, producing more than one shoot. The individual nucellar embryos can be separated, if desired, before planting.
Inasmuch as the percentage of germination is directly related to the weight of the seed, only plump, fully developed seeds should be chosen for planting. Even these will lose viability in 5 days after removal from the fruit, though they are viable for 3 to 5 weeks in the fruit. Seeds packed in lightly dampened peat moss, sphagnum moss or coconut fiber in airtight containers have remained viable for 3 months. Only 22% germination has been realized in seeds packed in ground charcoal for 15 days. Soaking in water for 24 hours expedites and enhances the rate of germination. Generally, sprouting occurs in 20 to 22 days and is complete in 43 days.
Because of the long, delicate taproot and poor lateral root development, transplanting is notoriously difficult. It must not be attempted after the plants reach 2 ft (60 cm). At that time the depth of the taproot may exceed that height. There is greater seedling survival if seeds are planted directly in the nursery row than if first grown in containers and then transplanted to the nursery. The nursery soil should be 3 ft (1 m) deep, at least. The young plants take 2 years or more to reach a height of 12 in (30 cm), when they can be taken up with a deep ball of earth and set out. Fruiting may take place in 7 to 9 years from planting but usually not for 10 or even 20 years.
Conventional vegetative propagation of the mangosteen is difficult. Various methods of grafting have failed. Cuttings and air-layers, with or without growth-promoting chemicals, usually fail to root or result in deformed, short-lived plants. Inarching on different rootstocks has appeared promising at first but later incompatibility has been evident with all except G. xanthochymus Hook. f. (G tinctoria Dunn.) or G. lateriflora Bl., now commonly employed in the Philippines.
In Florida, approach-grafting has succeeded only by planting a seed of G. xanthochymus about 1 1/4 in (3 cm) from the base of a mangosteen seedling in a container and, when the stem of the G. xanthochymus seedling has become 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, joining it onto the 3/16 to 1/4 in (5-6 mm) thick stem of the mangosteen at a point about 4 in (10 cm) above the soil. When the graft has healed, the G. xanthochymus seedling is beheaded. The mangosteen will make good progress having both root systems to grow on, while the G. xanthochymus rootstock will develop very little.
Culture
A spacing of 35 to 40 ft (10.7-12 m) is recommended. Planting is preferably done at the beginning of the rainy season. Pits 4 x 4 x 4 1/2 ft (1.2 x l.2 x l.3 m) are prepared at least 30 days in advance, enriched with organic matter and topsoil and left to weather. The young tree is put in place very carefully so as not to injure the root and given a heavy watering. Partial shading with palm fronds or by other means should be maintained for 3 to 5 years. Indian growers give each tree regular feeding with well-rotted manure–100 to 200 lbs (45-90 kg)–and peanut meal–10 to 15 lbs (4.5-6.8 kg) total, per year.
Some of the most fruitful mangosteen trees are growing on the banks of streams, lakes, ponds or canals where the roots are almost constantly wet. However, dry weather just before blooming time and during flowering induces a good fruit-set. Where a moist planting site is not available, irrigation ditches should be dug to make it possible to maintain an adequate water supply and the trees are irrigated almost daily during the dry season.
In Malaya and Ceylon, it is a common practice to spread a mulch of coconut husks or fronds to retain moisture. A 16-in (40-cm) mulch of grass restored trees that had begun dehydrating in Liberia. It has been suggested that small inner branches be pruned from old, unproductive trees to stimulate bearing. In Thailand, the tree is said to take 12 to 20 years to fruit. In Panama and Puerto Rico trees grown from large seed and given good culture have borne in six years.
Season and Harvesting
At low altitudes in Ceylon the fruit ripens from May to July; at higher elevations, in July and August or August and September. In India, there are 2 distinct fruiting seasons, one in the monsoon period (July-October) and another from April through June. Puerto Rican trees in full sun fruit in July and August; shaded trees, in November and December.
Cropping is irregular and the yield varies from tree to tree and from season to season. The first crop may be 200 to 300 fruits. Average yield of a full-grown tree is about 500 fruits. The yield steadily increases up to the 30th year of bearing when crops of 1,000 to 2,000 fruits may be obtained. In Madras, individual trees between the ages of 20 and 45 years have borne 2,000 to 3,000 fruits. Productivity gradually declines thereafter, though the tree will still be fruiting at 100 years of age.
Ripeness is gauged by the full development of color and slight softening. Picking may be done when the fruits are slightly underripe but they must be fully mature (developed) or they will not ripen after picking. The fruits must be harvested by hand from ladders or by means of a cutting pole and not be allowed to fall.
Keeping Quality
In dry, warm, closed storage, mangosteens can be held 20 to 25 days. Longer periods cause the outer skin to toughen and the rind to become rubbery; later, the rind hardens and becomes difficult to open and the flesh turns dry.
Ripe mangosteens keep well for 3 to 4 weeks in storage at 40º to 55º F (4.44º-12.78º C). Trials in India have shown that optimum conditions for cold storage are temperatures of 39º to 42º F (3.89º-5.56º C) and relative humidity of 85 to 90%, which maintain quality for 49 days. It is recommended that the fruits be wrapped in tissue paper and packed 25-to-the-box in light wooden crates with excelsior padding. Fruits picked slightly unripe have been shipped from Burma to the United Kingdom at 50º to 55º F (10º-12.78º C). From 1927 to 1929, trial shipments were made from Java to Holland at 37.4º F (approximately 2.38º C) and the fruits kept in good condition for 24 days.
Pests and Diseases
Few pests have been reported. A leaf-eating caterpillar in India may perhaps be the same as that which attacks new shoots in the Philippines and which has been identified as Orgyra sp. of the tussock moth family, Lymantridae. A small ant, Myrnelachista ramulorum, in Puerto Rico, colonizes the tree, tunnels into the trunk and branches, and damages the new growth. Mites sometimes deface the fruits with small bites and scratches. Fully ripe fruits are attacked by monkeys, bats and rats in Asia.
In Puerto Rico, thread blight caused by the fungus, Pellicularia koleroga, is often seen on branchlets, foliage and fruits of trees in shaded, humid areas. The fruits may become coated with webbing and ruined. In Malaya, the fungus, Zignoella garcineae, gives rise to "canker"–tuberous growths on the branches, causing a fatal dying-back of foliage, branches and eventually the entire tree. Breakdown in storage is caused by the fungi Diplodia gossypina, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Gloeosporium sp., and Rhizopus nigricans.
A major physiological problem called "gamboge" is evidenced by the oozing of latex onto the outer surface of the fruits and on the branches during periods of heavy and continuous rains. It does not affect eating quality. Fruit-cracking may occur because of excessive absorption of moisture. In cracked fruits the flesh will be swollen and mushy. Bruising caused by the force of storms may be an important factor in both of these abnormalities. Fruits exposed to strong sun may also exude latex. Mangosteens produced in Honduras often have crystal-like "stones" in the flesh and they may render the fruit completely inedible.
Food Uses
To select the best table fruits, choose those with the highest number of stigma lobes at the apex, for these have the highest number of fleshy segments and accordingly the fewest seeds. The numbers always correspond. Mangosteens are usually eaten fresh as dessert. One need only hold the fruit with the stem-end downward, take a sharp knife and cut around the middle completely through the rind, and lift off the top half, which leaves the fleshy segments exposed in the colorful "cup"–the bottom half of the rind. The segments are lifted out by fork.
The fleshy segments are sometimes canned, but they are said to lose their delicate flavor in canning, especially if pasteurized for as much as 10 minutes. Tests have shown that it is best to use a 40% sirup and sterilize for only 5 minutes. The more acid fruits are best for preserving. To make jam, in Malaya, seedless segments are boiled with an equal amount of sugar and a few cloves for 15 to 20 minutes and then put into glass jars. In the Philippines, a preserve is made by simply boiling the segments in brown sugar, and the seeds may be included to enrich the flavor.
The seeds are sometimes eaten alone after boiling or roasting.
The rind is rich in pectin. After treatment with 6% sodium chloride to eliminate astringency, the rind is made into a purplish jelly.
Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion* Calories60-63 Moisture80.2-84.9 g Protein0.50-0.60 g Fat0.1-0.6 g Total Carbohydrates14.3-15.6 g Total Sugars16.42-16.82 g (sucrose, glucose and fructose) Fiber5.0-5.1 g Ash0.2-0.23 g Calcium0.01-8.0 mg Phosphorus0.02-12.0 mg Iron0.20-0.80 mg Thiamine0.03 mg Ascorbic Acid1.0-2.0 mg *Minimum/maximum values from analyses made in the Philippines and Washington, D.C.
Phytin (an organic phosphorus compound) constitutes up to 0.68% on a dry-weight basis. The flesh amounts to 31% of the whole fruit.
Other Uses
Mangosteen twigs are used as chewsticks in Ghana. The fruit rind contains 7 to 14% catechin tannin and rosin, and is used for tanning leather in China. It also yields a black dye.
Wood: In Thailand, all non-bearing trees are felled, so the wood is available but usually only in small dimensions. It is dark-brown, heavy, almost sinks in water, and is moderately durable. It has been used to make handles for spears, also rice pounders, and is employed in construction and cabinetwork.
Medicinal Uses: Dried fruits are shipped from Singapore to Calcutta and to China for medicinal use. The sliced and dried rind is powdered and administered to overcome dysentery. Made into an ointment, it is applied on eczema and other skin disorders. The rind decoction is taken to relieve diarrhea and cystitis, gonorrhea and gleet and is applied externally as an astringent lotion. A portion of the rind is steeped in water overnight and the infusion given as a remedy for chronic diarrhea in adults and children. Filipinos employ a decoction of the leaves and bark as a febrifuge and to treat thrush, diarrhea, dysentery and urinary disorders. In Malaya, an infusion of the leaves, combined with unripe banana and a little benzoin is applied to the wound of circumcision. A root decoction is taken to regulate menstruation. A bark extract called "amibiasine", has been marketed for the treatment of amoebic dysentery.
The rind of partially ripe fruits yields a polyhydroxy-xanthone derivative termed mangostin, also ß-mangostin. That of fully ripe fruits contains the xanthones, gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin. A derivative of mangostin, mangostin-e, 6-di-O-glucoside, is a central nervous system depressant and causes a rise in blood pressure.
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Mature fruits of Momordica charantia, Bitter melon ...Trái Khổ qua chín ....
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants Vietnamese named : Khổ qua, Mướp đắng English names : Bitter melon Scientist name : Momordica charantia Descourt. Synonyms : Family : Cucurbitaceae. Họ Bầu Bí
Mướp đắng, miền Nam Việt Nam gọi là Khổ qua (danh pháp khoa học: Momordica charantia) là một cây leo mọc ở vùng nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới thuộc họ Bầu bí, có quả ăn được, thuộc loại đắng nhất trong các loại rau quả. Tên gọi trong tiếng Anh của mướp đắng là bitter melon hay bitter gourd được dịch từ tiếng Trung: 苦瓜 (kǔguā) khổ qua; (苦 khổ: đắng; 瓜 qua: mướp; 苦瓜 khổ qua: mướp đắng[1]). Mướp đắng là cây bản địa của vùng nhiệt đới nhưng không rõ có nguồn gốc ở nước nào. Cây mướp đắng được trồng rộng rãi ở Ấn Độ (Karela करेला trong tiếng Hindi), Pakistan (Karela کریلا trong tiếng Urdu, اردو), (komboze کمبوزه trong tiếng Ba Tư), Nam Phi, Đông Nam Á, Trung Quốc, châu Phi và vùng Caribe. Mô tả
Dây, lá có lông, hoa vàng, quả có u sần sùi, vị đắng. Hạt khi quả chín có màu đỏ. Cây được trồng bằng hạt.
Các món ăn làm từ mướp đắng Canh mướp đắng nấu với chả cá thát lát viên Khổ qua nhồi thịt hầm Khổ qua ăn sống với ruốc bông Khổ qua xào với trứng Mứt khổ qua Trà khổ qua
Bài thuốc từ mướp đắng
Mướp đắng tính mát, không nên dùng cho người tỳ vị hư hàn (rối loạn chức năng tiêu hóa do lạnh). - Mướp đắng trộn rau cần: Mướp đắng 150g; rau cần 150g, tương mè; tỏi nhuyễn mỗi thứ với lượng vừa. Trước tiên gọt bỏ vỏ, ruột mướp đắng cắt thành sợi nhỏ, trần qua nước sôi, rồi lại dùng nước lạnh dội qua, để ráo nước, sau đó trộn mướp đắng với rau cần, nêm thêm các vật liệu. Món ăn có tác dụng mát gan giảm huyết áp, thích hợp dùng cho người bệnh cao huyết áp. - Trà mướp đắng: Mướp đắng 1 quả, trà xanh với lượng vừa. Mướp đắng cắt bỏ một phần trên, móc bỏ ruột, nhét trà xanh vào, treo trái mướp đắng ở nơi thoáng gió; một thời gian sau, lấy xuống, rửa sạch, cùng trà cắt nhuyễn, trộn đều, mỗi lần lấy 10g cho vào một tách, hãm với nước sôi. Món trà này có tác dụng thanh nhiệt giải thử (làm mát chống say nắng); miệng khát phiền nhiệt. - Nước mướp đắng: Mướp đắng tươi 500g. Trước tiên rửa sạch mướp đắng, cắt lát, cho vào nồi, thêm 250ml nước, nấu khoảng 10 phút. Nước nấu mướp đắng có công hiệu thanh nhiệt sáng mắt, thích hợp dùng cho người bệnh can hỏa (gan nóng) bốc lên, mắt đỏ sưng đau
Tác dụng thực dưỡng
+ Kích thích ăn uống, tiêu viêm, thoái nhiệt: Mướp đắng giúp kiện tỳ khai vị (kích thích chức năng tiêu hóa); Alkaloid trong mướp đắng có công hiệu lợi niệu hoạt huyết (lợi tiểu, máu lưu thông); tiêu viêm thoái nhiệt (chống viêm, hạ sốt); thanh tâm minh mục (mát tim sáng mắt). + Phòng chống ung thư: Thành phần protein và nhiều lượng vitamin C trong mướp đắng giúp nâng cao chức năng miễn dịch của cơ thể, làm cho tế bào miễn dịch có tác dụng tiêu diệt tế bào ung thư; Nước cốt mướp đắng chứa thành phần protein tựa như hoạt chất Alkaloid, giúp tăng cường chức năng nuốt của các thực bào. + Giảm thấp đường huyết: Nước cốt mướp đắng tươi, có tác dụng hạ đường huyết tốt, là món ăn lý tưởng cho người bệnh tiểu đường.
Mướp đắng trong đời sống
Trong tiếng Trung, "mặt mướp đắng" (苦瓜臉) là cụm từ dùng để chỉ một vẻ mặt nghiêm nghị hoặc buồn. Trong tiếng Việt, có thành ngữ "mạt cưa, mướp đắng" chỉ những thứ không thể ăn nổi. Ở Việt Nam, khổ qua là món ăn phổ biến vào những ngày Tết, đặc biệt ở miền Nam. Tuy nhiên có hai cách giải thích trái ngược nhau về món ăn này trong ngày tết. Một cách giải thích cho rằng khổ qua nghĩa là rước đến cái khổ cho mình[2] cho nên không nên ăn, cách giải thích thứ hai lại cho rằng ăn cho cái khổ nó qua đ
..................... Các cây thuốc được dùng rất nhiều để điều trị đi-a-bét ở châu Á phải kể đến Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) và Trigonella foenum graecu, (Papilionaceae). Tại Việt Nam mới chỉ có hai công trình nhỏ về tác dụng của Momorrdica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) và rau dừa nước [Jussiaea repens L. (Onagegraccae)]............
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Momordica charantia is a tropical and subtropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceae, widely grown for edible fruit, which is among the most bitter of all fruits. Names for the plant and its fruit include bitter melon, bitter gourd (translated from Chinese: 苦瓜; pinyin: kǔguā), goya (ゴーヤー?) from an Okinawan language or Karela/Karella in India and Nepal, ampalayá from Tagalog, and cerasee[1] (Caribbean and South America; also spelled cerasse). The original home of the species is not known, other than that it is a native of the tropics. It is widely grown in India, Nepal and other parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, China, Africa, and the Caribbean.
Description
The herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows to 5 m. It bears simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm across, with 3–7 deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers. The fruit has a distinct warty looking exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large flat seeds and pith. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits, ripening to red; they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking. However, the pith will become sweet when the fruit is fully ripe, and the pith's color will turn red. The pith can be eaten uncooked in this state, but the flesh of the melon will be far too tough to be eaten anymore. Red and sweet bitter melon pith is a popular ingredient in some southeast Asian salads. The flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote or green bell pepper. The skin is tender and edible. The fruit is most often eaten green. Although it can also be eaten when it has started to ripen and turn yellowish, it becomes more bitter as it ripens. When the fruit ripens and turns orange and mushy, it is too bitter to eat. It splits into segments which curl back dramatically to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp. Bitter melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The typical Chinese phenotype is 20–30 cm long, oblong with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in color, with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter melon more typical of India has a narrower shape with pointed ends, and a surface covered with jagged, triangular "teeth" and ridges. Coloration is green or white. Between these two extremes are any number of intermediate forms. Some bear miniature fruit of only 6–10 cm in length, which may be served individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature fruit are popular in Southeast Asia as well as India. Bitter melon contains a bitter compound called momordicin that is said to have a stomachic effect.
Culinary uses
Bitter melon is often used in Chinese cooking for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries (often with pork and douchi), soups, and also as tea. It is very popular throughout India, where it is often prepared with potatoes and served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, or used in sabji. It is stuffed with spices and then fried in oil, which is very popular in Punjabi cuisine. This is also a very popular vegetable in Orissa, called 'Karela', mainly consumed for health benefits. It is a popular food in Tamil Nadu and in the South Indian state of Kerala. They use it for making a dish called thoran mixed with grated coconut, theeyal and pachadi. This is one common medicinal food for diabetics. Popular recipes include curry, deep fry with peanuts (ground nuts), and 'Pachi Pulusu' (కాకరకాయ పచ్చి పులుసు), a kind of soup made up of boiled Bitter Melon, fried onions and other spices. In Pakistan and Bangladesh bitter melon is available in the summertime. A traditional way to cook bitter melon curry is with onions, red chili powder, turmeric powder, salt, coriander powder, and a pinch of cumin seeds. Another dish in Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled and then stuffed with cooked ground beef, served with either hot tandoori bread, naan, chappati, or with khichri (a mixture of lentils and rice). Bitter melon is increasingly used in mainland Japan. It is a significant component of Okinawan cuisine, and is credited with Okinawan life expectancies being higher than already long Japanese ones.
In Indonesia, bitter melon is prepared in various dishes, such as gado-gado, stir fry, cooked in coconut milk, or steamed. In Vietnam, raw bitter melon slices consumed with dried meat floss and stuffed to make bitter melon soup with shrimp are popular dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are served as a popular summer soup in the South. It is also used as the main ingredient of "stewed bitter melon". This dish is usually cooked for the Tết holiday as its name: "bitter" reminds people not to forget or disrespect the poor living conditions experienced in the past. Vietnamese names for the plant include 'muop dang' (mướp đắng) in the North and 'kho qua' (khổ qua) in the South. In the Philippines, where it is known as ampalayá, bitter melon is used in many dishes. It may be stir-fried with ground beef and oyster sauce, or with eggs and diced tomato. A very popular dish from the Ilocos region in the north of Luzon island is pinakbet, which consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, and other various regional vegetables altogether stewed with a little bagoong- based stock. The young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as greens; these are locally called dahon ng ampalayá (lit. "leaf of bitter melon"). In Nepal, bitter melon is prepared in various ways. Most prepare it as fresh achar (a type of pickle). For this the bitter gourd is cut into cubes or slices and sautéed covered in little oil and a sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is minced in a mortar with a few cloves of garlic, salt and a red or green pepper. Another way is the sautéed version. In this, bitter gourd is cut in thin round slices or cubes and fried (sauteed) with much less oil and some salt, cumin and red chili. It is fried until the vegetable softens with hints of golden brown. It is even prepared as a curry on its own, or with potato; and made as stuffed vegetables. Bitter melons are also very popular in Trinidad and Tobago (known locally as caraille, carilley, or additional spellings as pronounced). Usually sauteed with onion, garlic and scotch bonnet pepper until almost crisp.
Medicinal uses
Bitter melon has been used in various Asian traditional medicine systems for a long time.[2] Like most bitter-tasting foods, bitter melon stimulates digestion[citation needed]. While this can be helpful in people with sluggish digestion, dyspepsia, and constipation, it can sometimes make heartburn and ulcers worse. The fact that bitter melon is also a demulcent and at least mild inflammation modulator, however, means that it rarely does have these negative effects, based on clinical experience and traditional reports. Though it has been claimed that bitter melon's bitterness comes from quinine, no evidence supports this claim.[citation needed] Bitter melon is traditionally regarded by Asians, as well as Panamanians and Colombians, as useful for preventing and treating malaria. Laboratory studies have confirmed that various species of bitter melon have anti-malarial activity, though human studies have not yet been published.[3] In Panama bitter melon is known as Balsamino. The pods are smaller and bright orange when ripe with very sweet red seeds, but only the leaves of the plant are brewed in hot water to create a tea to treat malaria and diabetes. The leaves are allowed to steep in hot water before being strained thoroughly so that only the remaining liquid is used for the tea. Laboratory tests suggest that compounds in bitter melon might be effective for treating HIV infection.[4] As most compounds isolated from bitter melon that impact HIV have either been proteins or glycoproteins lectins, neither of which are well-absorbed, it is unlikely that oral intake of bitter melon will slow HIV in infected people. It is possible oral ingestion of bitter melon could offset negative effects of anti-HIV drugs, if a test tube study can be shown to be applicable to people.[5] In one preliminary clinical trial, an enema form of a bitter melon extract showed some benefits in people infected with HIV (Zhang 1992). Clearly more research is necessary before this could be recommended.
The other realm showing the most promise related to bitter melon is as an immunomodulator. One clinical trial found very limited evidence that bitter melon might improve immune cell function in people with cancer, but this needs to be verified and amplified in other research. If proven correct this is another way bitter melon could help people infected with HIV. Folk wisdom has it that bitter melon helps to prevent or counteract type-II diabetes. A recent scientific study at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, India, has proved that bitter melon increases insulin sensitivity.[6] Also, in 2007, the Philippine Department of Health issued a circular stating that bitter melon, as a scientifically validated herbal medicinal plant, can lower elevated blood sugar levels. The study revealed that a 100 milligram per kilo dose per day is comparable to 2.5 milligrams of the anti-diabetes drug Glibenclamide taken twice per day.[7] Bitter melon is sold in the Philippines as a food supplement and marketed under the trade name Charantia. Charantia capsules and tea are being exported to the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, and parts of the Middle East.[7] Bitter Melon contains four very promising bioactive compounds. These compounds activate a protein called AMPK, which is well known for regulating fuel metabolism and enabling glucose uptake, processes which are impaired in diabetics. "We can now understand at a molecular level why bitter melon works as a treatment for diabetes," said David James, director of the diabetes and obesity program at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney. "By isolating the compounds we believe to be therapeutic, we can investigate how they work together in our cells."[8][9][10][11][12][13] Bitter melon contains a lectin that has insulin-like activity. The insulin-like bioactivity of this lectin is due to its linking together 2 insulin receptors. This lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral tissues and, similar to insulin's effects in the brain, suppressing appetite. This lectin is likely a major contributor to the hypoglycemic effect that develops after eating bitter melon and why it may be a way of managing adult-onset diabetes. Lectin binding is non-protein specific, and this is likely why bitter melon has been credited with immunostimulatory activity—by linking receptors that modulate the immune system, thereby stimulating said receptors. Various cautions are indicated. The seeds contains vicine and therefore can trigger symptoms of favism in susceptible individuals. In addition, the red arils of the seeds are reported to be toxic to children, and the fruit is contraindicated during pregnancy
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Mô tả: Cây thảo cao khoảng 20-60cm (1m), có thân rễ khỏe, với những củ hình trụ mọc tỏa ra có đốt, ruột màu vàng. Lá rộng hình giáo, nhẵn ở mặt trên, có lông mềm mượt ở mặt dưới, dài 30-60cm, rộng 10-20cm; cuống lá ngắn ôm lấy thân. Cụm hoa ở bên, mọc từ gốc, gồm một nón vẩy lõm, lợp lên nhau, màu lục, 3-6 hoa và ở phần trên có những vẩy khác lớn hơn, thưa, màu hồng, bất thụ; hoa màu tím ở phiến ngoài của tràng hoa, màu vàng trên phiến giữa; phiến này lớn hơn nhiều so với phiến ngoài.
Hoa tháng 4 tới tháng 6.
Bộ phận dùng: Thân rễ - Rhizoma Curcumae Aromaticae, thường gọi là Uất kim.
Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài của Á châu nhiệt đới, phân bố rừng hầu khắp nước ta. Cũng thường được trồng trong các vườn gia đình để lấy củ thơm và có bột như bột Hoàng tinh. Thu hoạch thân rễ vào mùa thu hay đông, loại bỏ rễ con. Rửa sạch, ngâm nước 2-3 giờ, ủ mềm, bào mỏng, phơi khô hay sấy khô.
Thành phần hoá học: Thân rễ chứa 6,1% tinh dầu, màu trắng vàng, nhớt, có mùi long não gồm hai chất dầu, một cái nhẹ, một cái nặng hơn nước, một chất nhựa mềm, đắng, và một chất chiết xuất cũng đắng, một chất màu là Curcumin.
Tính vị, tác dụng: Vị cay, đắng, tính mát; có tác dụng hành khí giải uất, lương huyết phá ứ lợi mật, trừ hoàng đản.
Công dụng: Thường dùng trị: 1. Tức ngực, trướng bụng; 2. Nôn ra máu, chảy máu cam, đái ra máu; 3. Viêm gan mạn, xơ gan đau nhức, hoàng đản; 4. Kinh nguyệt không đều, đau bụng kinh; 5. Động kinh.
Người ta còn dùng củ giã ra ngâm trong rượu hoặc sao lên và lẫn với những vị thuốc khác để trị đau thấp khớp.
Đơn thuốc: Nôn ra máu: Nghệ trắng, Địa long, Đơn bì, Chi tử, mỗi vị 10g, sắc uống.
Curcuma aromatica (common name: wild turmeric) is a member of the Curcuma genus belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. Botanically close to Curcuma australasica, wild turmeric has been widely used as a cosmetic herbal in South Asia and nearby regions.
Nomenclature
Comon name in English: wild turmeric, aromatic turmeric Hindi: जंगली हल्दी jangli haldi Manipuri: লম যাঈঙাঙ lam yaingang Gujarati: zedoari Tamil: கஸ்தூதி மஞ்ஜள் kasturimanjal Malayalam: കസ്തൂരി മഞ്ഞൾ / കാട്ടുമഞ്ഞൾ kasthoori manjnjaL / kaaTTu manjnjaL Telugu: kasthuri pasupa Kannada: kasthuri arishina Wild turmeric has rhizomes with a peculiar fragrance and attractive deep yellow color. The rhizomes are often used in cosmetic herbal medicines and as a culinary ingredient in limited quantities as a food flavor. Leaves are broad and very decorative, elliptic with a leaf stem running as long to the tip of the blade. A fresh stalk with flowers and leaves, cut to proper size and shape, can be used as a floral indoor decoration in vase for up to 10 days. Wild turmeric is recognised as a medical herb with strong antibiotic properties. It is believed to play a role in preventing and curing cancer in Chinese medicine. In an effort to remove cell accumulations such as a tumors, Curcuma aromatica is often used. There are two species commonly used in cancer therapy that, like ginger, have a spicy taste.It contains aromatic volatile oils that help to remove excessive lipids from the blood, reduce aggregation of platelets (sticking of the blood cells to form masses), and reduce inflammation.
Habitat
This species is found in the south Asian region, predominantly in eastern Himalayas and in the warm forests of the Western Ghats (India).
Life cycle
The wild ginger is one among the 80 members of Zingiberaceae family of plants. The perennial foliage dies down in late autumn and the rhizomes remain dormant in winter. The inflorescence appears in early spring from the base of the rhizomes. During summer monsoon season and the immediately following weeks, the plant grows fast and vigorously. The stalk grows to about 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) tall, and is crowned with enlarged coloured bracts with pink tips. Leaves often appear even after the flowers. When in full growth the plants can reach a height of about 40 cm (16 in) tall.
**** www.paradisemoon.com/herbal/Siam-Natural_wan_nang_kham_he... Wan Nang Kham (Curcuma aromatica belonging to the genus Zingiberaceae) produces yellow zeodary stout underground rhizomes containing anti-cancer and powerful antibiotic properties that have been associated with the components of various natural products including green tea polyphenols, resveratrol, capsaicin, taxol, berberine and curcumin.
Wan Nang Kham is used for various types of health afflictions traditionally to invigorate and promote blood circulation and relieve muscle and joint pain in holistic massage therapy in Asia using the burred tuber in compound substances as an therapuetic traditional medicine. Wan Nang Kham is antiseptic, aromatic, uplifting, relaxing, refreshing, and a soothing skin conditioner.
This native herb has a long history as a remedy dating back to ancient times. In holistic & Ayurvedic medicine, Wan Nang Kham has been prescribed for poor vision, rheumatic complaints, and to increase breast milk production. Because it aids in the digestion of proteins and the absorption of nutrients, as well as stimulating the flow of bile, Wan Nang Kham with it's high content of curcumin is used as a treatment for certain stomach ailments, diarrhea, and flatulence.
Due to its antiseptic qualities, it has been used to treat bronchial asthma and coughs. It’s also a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. It can lower cholesterol levels and protect against certain cancers and heart disease. Through studies, it has been found to protect against Alzheimer’s. As a beauty aid, eating this colorful herb has been said to give your skin a natural glow
Numerous sequiterpines have been reported from Curcuma aromatica and the inhibition of angiogenesis (a physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels) has been shown to be the most common anti-cancer mechanism conjoint by many cancer therapies.
Wan Nang Kham is a wild plant of the forests of western Nepal, China, Bhutan, India, Burmma (Myanmar), and Sri Lanka and has long been used in traditional holistic medicine as an antibiotic, and anti cancer agent. Oil extracted from Curcuma aromatica has been shown to exert anti-tumor activity on various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Anti-cancer molecule A- elemene has been isolated from volatile oil of Curcuma. aromatica.
Abstract Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) are used as both food and medicine in Asia. Ten sesquiterpenes (1-10) and two curcuminoids (11 and 12) were isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. and identified. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP). Among them, the sesquiterpene (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide (7) inhibited certain subtypes of CYP more potently than or at levels comparable to the curcuminoids curcumin (11) and demethoxycurcumin (12); 7 (IC(50) = 1.0 ± 0.2 μM) > 12 (IC(50) = 7.0 ± 1.7 μM) > 11 (IC(50) = 14.9 ± 1.4 μM) for CYP3A4 inhibition; 12 (IC(50) = 1.4 ± 0.2 μM) > 11 (IC(50) = 6.0 ± 1.4 μM) > 7 (IC(50) = 7.6 ± 2.5 μM) for CYP2C9 inhibition; and 7 (IC(50) = 33.2 ± 3.6 μM) = 12 (IC(50) = 34.0 ± 14.2 μM) > 11 (IC(50) > 100 μM) for CYP1A2 inhibition. These results suggest the possibility that Curcuma aromatica Salisb. may cause food-drug interactions via cytochrome P450 inhibition by sesquiterpene 7 and curcuminoids 11 and 12.
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Image by Earthworm Diabesity is an actual medical term used to refer to the continuum of health problems revolving around obesity and diabetes and everything in between. Diabesity is the single biggest global health epidemic of our time so says Mark Hyman, and I don't doubt it given the low fat/high carb, nutrient depleted diet humans have embraced for last 40 years of industrial agriculture.
Hyman, like Dr. Oz and Daniel Amen, colleagues he mentions partnering with, is a doctorpreneur, part evangelical, part lifestyle coach, but the science behind his program does concur with what I've been learning. I gave it a chance because his earlier book (haven't finished it yet) is much more science centered without the alarmist rhetoric and was probably written before he became a much in demand speaker. This book has that marketing-to-the-public flavor to it and is an easy read. He does redeem himself with a chapter, near the end, by describing how to take back our food health via education to our communities and he specifies direct action to take back our health care system from pharma driven research and profit driven hospitals and government policy.
Like Dr. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution, Hyman wants to empower his patients to reverse their diagnosis with diet and exercise, but he reaches beyond the diabetic diagnosis by spreading the word about diabesity. Belly fat is his favorite indicator. He outlines a six week, seven step program custom fit to each individual according to how you answer his many questionnaires. The questions do not seem specific enough for me to trust them entirely. But it is a start and he goes on to tell you how to get tested to make sure. His program is described in his online paper "Biological Tune-up". You can also fill out the questionnaires at his website by taking his blood sugar quiz, if you become a member (at no cost). Selling supplements is likely the money maker on these health sites, but the information is still valid.
The seven steps of his program are: Improving Nutrition Regulating Hormones Reducing Inflammation Improving Digestion Maximizing Detoxification Enhancing Energy Metabolism Sooting the mind
His diet is not vegetarian biased, despite his association with the cancer celebrity girl, Kris Carr of the Crazy Sexy Cancer fame, who advocates the alkaline vs acid diet (which still sounds like bunk to me, but is a good detoxification diet, just not for life.) He counsels readers to eat organic food and warns of chemical poisoning especially from mercury, arsenic, lead, PCBs and pesticides, all of which, he says, has been linked to diabetes and insulin resistance. He has footnotes referring to actual medical papers (unlike other health books like the Younger Next Year series which are a complete mish mash of conventional medical advice based on old assumptions and lifestyle cheerleading, much like Suze Orman in the financial world. I trust Suze more).
He advises on how to figure out if you are allergic to gluten, but warns that it is not going to help to eat gluten free junk food. The whole gluten story, I learned from him, is about celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that triggers body-wide inflammation via a leaky gut, caused by gluten damaging the gut lining. So food particles leak out of the gut into the blood stream causing inflammation in response to the invader organisms. Gluten is found in wheat, barley, rye, spelt and oats. (That's my whole muesli breakfast practically.) And gluten has been made more intense in these grains due to current industrial agriculture practices so that's why we're seeing such an increase in cases. Gluten also triggers obesity and diabetes in patients with gluten sensitivity, which is 30% of the American population.
He also calls all those fake-meat-soy products Franken Soy foods which I found helpful to decamp from the vegetarian diet. And he was my introduction to supplements to use to help ailing mitochondria get back on its feet. (That's the little energy production plant inside the cell.) As well as other broken functions. To boost nutrition function he focuses on deficiency of magnesium, Vitamin D and Omega-3 fat.
There is a recipe section and a shopping list for ingredients. The program is well thought out and well delivered in book form. It is rather strict. You have to cut out a lot in terms of carb and wheat reduction, but chocolate is still allowed (70% cocoa, 2 oz a day). After six week you can adjust to fit your personal nutrition profile from what you discover. He does convince me that close adherence to the plan will reverse what ails you if you are on the diabesity continuum.celebrity health problems
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