Flavor: Vanilla Creme Size: 14 Oz. Plastic Bottles Packaging: 12PK
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How to Make Muscle Milk
How to make Muscle Milk, Sorry the camera is so shaky.what is muscle milk
Bret Baumbach Named Stanford/Muscle Milk Student-Athlete of the Week STANFORD, Calif. - Stanford wrestler Bret Baumbach has been named the Stanford/Muscle Milk Student-Athlete of the Week after claiming his first conference title at the 2013 Pac-12 Championships in Tempe, Ariz. Baumbach became the 15th conference ... what is muscle milk Read more on Stanford Athletics Official Site
For the past several years, my family has spent a week, in early January, at the Club Med village in Punta Cana, on the southwestern shore of the Dominican Republic. (Our first visit to Club Med was back in 1985, and some photos of last year's trip can be seen here.)
This year's visit coincided with the awful earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince, Haiti -- about 260 miles away, on the eastern coast of the island of Hispaniola. From what I understand, the fault line went straight west, in our direction, but then cut south at approximately the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In any case, none of the vacationers at Club Med felt even the slightest tremor; we got all of our news of the ensuing events just like everyone else, by watching CNN. But because we expected the capitol city of Santo Domingo to be chaotic and congested with relief efforts, I decided to skip a daylong trip that I had tentatively planned to photograph the churches and markets of what turns out to be the oldest city in the Western hemisphere (settled in 1497 by Christopher Columbus' brother).
In recent years, most of my photographic efforts have focused on the vacationers who fill the beaches and pool -- especially the children, who come from Canada, France, Venezuela, and various other parts of the world besides the United States. So I decided to focus on something else this year, and ... well, you can judge the results for yourself...what is muscle milk
This adjustable brace provides firm support to help relieve lower back pain without restricting movement. ideal for back strains and arthritic conditions. designed to provide support during activity to help relieve sore and aching backs. lightweight with breathable fabric for comfortable al-day wear.
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http://tinyurl.com/McDavidTrimmer Whether you're looking to relieve some minor pain or enhance your weight loss efforts, the McDavid waist trimmer is an idea...Waist Trimmer
Kelly Q&A: First Practice Tony Springmann looks trimmer and lost weight from last year, does that make him more of a defensive end than a rotation guy at the nose as well? "He's still a guy that we could move inside if we need to, but certainly we wanted him to be able to play ... Waist Trimmer Read more on Fighting Irish Insider (subscription)
Simplicity 3164
Image by vintagestitches From the collection of Alexander B. Tecoma.
Date: 1939
Misses Slip, Camisole or Petticoat Either a petticoat or camisole may be made from this clever slip pattern. Both camisole and slip have V necklines and wide waist yokes. Lace edging may trim straps and neckline, or wide ruffling used at skirt hem. Petticoat is pertly trimmed with ribbon bows; it is worn with or without ruffle.
Width around lower edge of Style I--II--III: About 1 3/4 yards; size 16. (34B, 28W, 37H)
Suggested Fabrics - Style I--II: Batiste, lawn, flat crepe, taffeta, sheer linen, rayon crepe. Contrasting Ruffles: Plaids, stripes or prints in any of the above fabrics. Style III: Taffeta, moire.Waist Trimmer
Special K Protein Shakes, Strawberry, 4-Count Bottles (Pack of 6)
Description :
A strawberry flavored meal replacement shake With 10 grams of protein and 5 grams of fiber is a creamy delicious way to help you lose weight that satisfies hunger longer. There are 180 calories in 1 serving of Kellogg's Special K Protein Shake. When you need a delicious and convenient way to help manage your weight, reach for creamy Special K Protein Shakes. With every tasty shake, you’ll get the nutritional benefits of protein and fiber that can help satisfy your hunger so you can lose weight. Special K Protein Products are designed to promote a reduced feeling of hunger by increasing daily intake of protein and fiber.Take the Challenge For Special K lovers who are aiming to trim down, Kellogg's has created the Special K Challenge, a
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Lane & Wiseman Co . Special K French Vanilla Protein Shake Mix
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The Supercharged Hormone Diet: A 30-Day Accelerated Plan to Lose Weight, Restore Metabolism and Feel Younger Longer
Description :
#1 NATIONAL BESTSELLER
Bestselling author and naturopathic doctor Natasha Turner returns with a follow-up to her phenomenal #1 bestselling first book. The Supercharged Hormone Diet gives us the information we need to get our hormones back on track — in thirty days flat.
The Hormone Diet taught us the ins and outs of how and why our hormones play the biggest part in our weight-loss woes — a valuable resource and diet guide to our hormones and how they affect our health. Now, The Supercharged Hormone Diet allows us to start losing weight as soon as we crack open the book.
In this busy, fast-paced world, we don't always have time to research the science behind our diets. We want to lose weight sooner and faster. Turne
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hCGTreatments / Diet Doc hCG Diets and Weight Loss Plans Announces ... Researchers at Diet Doc have reformulated the prescription hCG diet plans, offering all Americans the opportunity to improve health by losing weight rapidly, yet sensibly. Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on Google+ Share on LinkedIn Email a ... diet plans to lose weight Read more on PR Web (press release)
Green Coffee Extract, 7 Keto and Raspberry Ketones by Genetic Solutions
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Green Coffee Bean Extract Studies show controlling glucose levels after large meals may provide additional support for cardiovascular and metabolic health. Green Coffee extract provides this additional control. At the core of Green Coffee Extract is Chlorogenic Acid, which has the power to favorably modulate after-meal glucose levels. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol found in the green coffee bean, has been shown to inhibit excess activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. This prevents excess glucose production from other sources including the liver. Another means by which chlorogenic acid supports healthy after-meal glucose levels is by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase enzyme, which leads to decreased glucose absorption from the food we eat within
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Raspberry Ketones - Weight Loss Miracle?
An explaination on why I started raspberry ketones and why the results are the way they are.raspberry ketones for weight loss Video Rating: 4 / 5
Image by The Adventures of Kristin & Adam Ingredients in making gingerbread. Inside the World's Largest Gingerbread House.ingredients in milk
Comforting casseroles Cook noodles according to package directions. Drain noodles and put in a 12- by 9- inch baking dish; add sauted ingredients and pimentos with juice. ... In a large bowl, combine eggs, milk and pepper. Stir in the two corn bread mixes until well mixed ... ingredients in milk Read more on Ct Post
ilike Rose Petal Cleansing Milk Ingredients
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Episode Three
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Damselfly Chair Reassembled, carved and wood-burned chair bones; mirror platform
Spill Beaded bracelets created by college students and family members in Kansas, Minnesota, and Illinois
Haunted Headphones; audio recordings and sound compositions: No One Could Make Me Eat, Frightened to Death, Ana Wants
A skeletal, distressed, cut up wooden chair personifies the painful emptiness experienced by victims of eating disorders.
Spilled on the floor are hundreds of intestine-like, blood red, white and blue beaded bracelets, like those sometimes worn by “Pro-Ana” or “Pro-Mia” members. Fueled by the Internet and social media, this disturbing ‘secret society’ trend presents eating disorders as desirable behavior and simply a “lifestyle choice.” Along with virtual communities, these web-based groups provide effective starvation technique tips and post ‘thinspiration’ images of anorexic celebrities and models. They encourage those battling eating disorders to ‘stick with it,’ and can trigger relapse for those in recovery.
Anorexia is the most deadly mental illness. A person with the disease has a dangerously low body weight and thinks about food constantly, but limits the amount eaten to gain a sense of control over their lives. 12% of people who develop anorexia will die from complications. The mortality rate for eating disorders is 12 times higher than that of all other illnesses for females 15-24 years old. 85% of anorexics and bulimics are female, but the incidence in males is growing. Only one in ten people with an eating disorder receives treatment.celebrity health tips
Fit stars celebrate celebrity nutritionist at book launch bash The Hollywood stars don't look that good all by themselves - they enlist the help of super-healthy Snyder, who teaches the A-listers how to eat properly. Seen as Kimberly is always on hand with health tips, her celebrity clients returned the favour by ... celebrity health tips Read more on MSN UK
Celebrity Self Confidence Tips & Quotes
http://www.general-health-tips.com/shyness-socialanxiety Self confidence tips and quotes from famous celebrities.celebrity health tips Video Rating: 0 / 5
Squeem has been manufacturing "FAJAS" and body shaping garments for over thirty years. Our FAJAS have the PERFECT TOUCH: a perfect combination of cotton smooth touch and the modern compression of pure natural latex. Reduce 1 to 4 inches immediately with suggested use. The firm compression cotton and rubber Waist Cincher by Squeem Magical Lingerie not only immediately reduces your waist line, but accelerates weight loss through high compression, perspiration and micromassage. A Triple filtered cotton lining provides superior absorption and perfect comfort, while flexible boning prevents the garment from binding and rolling! The Cotton and Rubber Waist Cincher immediately firms and flattens the abdomen, and the double hook and eye front
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yollie1976's webcam video April 21, 2011 02:52 PM.Waist Trimmer Video Rating: 5 / 5
Montgomery Ward Summer 1942
Image by vintagestitches From the collection of Jessica H. Jaeger.
South American Inspired Print . . . Gay playtime wardrobe of new "Iron-Not" Cotton, famous fabric finish that requires no ironing. Washable. Styles are inspired by the spirit South of the Border. There's tropical flavor in the bold bright print, rhythm in the whisking dirndl skirts. Colors: Vivid print on Yellow or Light Blue grounds. A -- 2-Pc. Outfit . . . Button front 1-pc. Play Suit; border print top, pleated shorts, self belt. Separate gathered dirndl Skirt; border print bottom, built-up waistband, wide tie-back sash, button placket. Misses Sizes: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. Colors: left. 2 Pieces. .98 B -- Bathing Suit . . . Multi-color border print forms the bra top that's darted for fit. Culotte skirt flares out from the trim waist. Buttons down back; fully lined with Cotton Jersey. Misses' Sizes: 32, 34, 36, 38, 40-in. bust. Colors: left. 1-pc. Suit .98 C -- Shirt and Skirt . . . Border print on collar, sleeves, pocket flap of Shirt. Separate dirndl Skirt; 2 carry-all pockets, zip placket. Misses Sizes: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. Color at left. Shirt, Skirt. 2 Pcs. .79 Dirndl Skirt only. .98
Ballet Oxfords -- Season's hit! goodyear welt flexible leather soles. Leather insoles; heel pads. Mailed from Chicago. AA (very narrow) Width, Fulland Half Sizes, 6 to 9. B (medium narrow) Width, Full and Half Sizes, 5 to 9. Colors: Antiqued Red Genuine "Domac" Leather, black Suede (Smart, dressy), Saddle Tan "Domac: Leather. Pr. .95
Fringed Triangle at right, has closely knotted wool tassels trimming two edges. It's novelty weave Spun Rayon . . . drapes softly. Measures about 37 in. across front. Colors: White with Green fringe; White with Lt. Blue; White with Red; Red with Red. $ .49 Waist Trimmer
Fitbit makes every step you take a step toward better fitness, even on your busiest days. The Fitbit tracker gives you a clear sense of how you’re doing and encourages you to be more active, because the more you know, the more motivated you’ll be. And these small changes can really add up: Fitbit users on average take 43% more steps each day and have lost an average of 13 lbs. Fitbit’s super sensitive 3-D motion sensor tracks your day down to details a pedometer can’t catch, giving you access to the exact steps you take, calories you burn and distance you travel. Check your real time stats at any time with a quick glance at your tracker. It’s compact and discreet enough to wear all day long in your pocket, clipped to your wai
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Sleep Cycle & Sleeptracker: Der sanfte Start in den Tag
Das iPhone-App „Sleep Cycle und die Uhr „Sleeptracker versprechen ein sanftes Erwachen. Für ein optimales Aufwecken messen sie die Bewegungen des Schlafenden...Sleep Tracker Video Rating: 3 / 5
Star Trails Over NASA
Image by Zach Dischner So this week I'm down in Fort Sumner, NM for a high altitude balloon launch. My capstone design project for the University of Colorado Aerospace program was to make a star tracker for a big balloon, going up to about 125,000 feet. Hopefully, its the first one ever to work in daytime at altitude, and we call it DayStar. My job was to design and build the camera system (a super advanced cool camera) from the ground up, and interface it with a flight computer. I'll find some pics of the camera and post later. Its pretty cool.
Its pretty much been a big frantic year, ending in a really frantic week. We have spent pretty much every minute in this hanger, getting everything ready to go. Since Monday, I've had an average of 2.5 hours of sleep per day, and its great!
This was taken on Monday night, our first all-nighter. I have a time lapse I'll post later of this same scene that worked out pretty cool. Launch was scheduled for today, but cancelled due to winds. Trying again tomorrow at 3:45 AM!
Kellogg's special K protein shake - milk chocolate (15 bottles of 10 fl oz each - total of 150 fl oz)
Description :
Per serving # 10 grams of protein # 5 grams of fiber # Chocolaty good protein shake Product Description It s time to shake up your morning with one truly great-tasting breakfast shake! Special K Milk Chocolate Protein Shakes are the perfectly portable, on-the-go way to grab breakfast (lunch, or dinner)! With 10 grams of protein and 5 grams of fiber, it s the creamy, delicious way to satisfy your hunger and help you lose weight. And with its resealable lid and handy-dandy design, you can tuck it in your purse, car or gym bag. It s the yummy, chocolatey-good protein shake you ve been waiting for!
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Special K Protein Shake Review
Hey fans/subscribers! It's Mike again back with another review. Make sure to leave a like, comment, and subscribe!special k protein shakes
Image by gracobaby The Graco® brand of baby gear provides thoughtful, practical and dependable parenting solutions inspired by the instincts and best intentions of a loving parent. For product information on the 1-Second Ear Thermometer, visit Graco Productsbest baby thermometer
Spring recipes by Blanche Vaughan This could be a starter or even a light lunch, eaten with good bread and butter. The chicken braised with purple baby turnips and pink-red radishes is both colourful and wonderfully simple to prepare. Look for turnips with leaves attached, otherwise ... best baby thermometer Read more on The Guardian
10 Best Baby Products: When Baby Is Sick
best baby thermometer Video Rating: 4 / 5
Vicks Baby Rectal Thermometer
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Vicks Baby Rectal Thermometer has a short probe tip for safe rectal readings.
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The bodymedia fit core armband, small in stature but big in building a healthier lifestyle, is an enlightening fitness device. it gives you the tools to take off the pounds and get to the core of the issue when it comes to your fitness and weight loss plan. capturing over 5000 data points per minute using four sophisticated sensors, this seriously smart device tracks everything from calories burned, steps taken and levels of physical activity to sleep. bodymedia fit armbands give you the most accurate calorie burn in the market, and the technology used in the bodymedia system has been clinically proven to improve weight loss. you burn calories differently than anyone else, which is why cookie-cutter weight loss programs may not be working f
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Sleeptracker Elite Smart Watch Review
Sleeptracker Elite Smart Watch Review ... wake up naturally at the right time. Show your support & click to tweet this message http://clicktotweet.com/8JZHF ...Sleep Tracker
Jawbone Up Rev B vs. Nike+ FuelBand (Verdict: Up for the sleep tracking) All that being said, Jawbone Up is a great alternative to the Nike+ FuelBand for the sleep tracking alone. The nutrition logging, vibration motors and alarms are bonus features in my book. I'll post a follow-up after a month or two of regular use. It ... Sleep Tracker Read more on ZDNet
Walagamaba - the king of Kalagama -20110703_IMG_1645
Image by Dhammika Heenpella / Images of Sri Lanka In the first night in Kalagama, the three of us along with our tracker had the luxury of sleeping ‘tight’ under starlight in a 6’x6’ guard hut (Massa) built on a tree by an open paddy field. There we had too much of information of the notoriety of Walagamaba. Some of the Walagamba stories which ended in tragic human deaths certainly made my night longer and colder.
After searching for the king for almost two full days, finally we got a phone call from a fellow tracker on the whereabouts. I was excited as a teenager who’s going to watch an ‘adults only’ movie for the first time. With the camera firmly held in my hand, I said “Let’s get out and get this bastard” to myself.
Finally we reached the location and spotted the pachyderm at a time when the pale sun kissing the horizon. Under the fading light we closed in stealthily. We travelled about 200 meters in a path somewhat parallel to the beast’s, leaving a quite comfortable distance between both the animal and the human beings.
At this small open forest patch, the king stopped suddenly and turned his huge head towards us. I was not sure how good its vision was but the bull elephant made sure to lock its eyes on us for a while which turned my enthusiasm in to a fear for life. It humbled me to the core – it indeed was a majestic and fearsome beast.
I agree with Rajiv Welikala. There is no doubt in my mind that Walagamaba has to be the king of the wild tuskers at least in the North Central part of the country. It is not because of his tusks or the strongly built body, extraordinary size or the aggressive behavior it is known for. But the majestic and fearsome look which only a king could possess.Sleep Tracker
Priya Kapur on Beauty Tips and Make Up Trends [Diva in Focus] We got talking to the renowned make up artist about the current make up trends, her favourite beauty advice and what it takes to make people look good. ... Today's celebrities are so well-versed with grooming that none of them really require a makeover. beauty tips from celebrities Read more on iDiva.com
Celebrities Share Their Must-Have Beauty Products and More
For more beauty news, tips and contests, visit http://www.NewBeauty.com. We caught up with celebrities like Molly Sims, Busy Philipps and Tatyana Ali at the ...beauty tips from celebrities Video Rating: 5 / 5
Secrets of Stylists: An Insider's Guide to Styling the Stars
Description :
In this unprecedented insider's guide, fashion industry veteran Sasha Charnin Morrison opens her little black book of celebrity stylists and shares their top secrets on creating unforgettable looks, landing a choice job, and working with the pros. Interviews with key players reveal the ins and outs of the glamorous (and often gritty) world of styling, while hundreds of glossy photos illustrate good (and bad) looks. Full of real-life advice, this guide profiles famous image transformations undertaken by stars like Nicole Richie and Katie Holmes, outlines the essentials every stylist must have on hand (double-sided tape, cutlets, manzierres, Spanx, and more!) and, most importantly, shows how to get a Choo in the door and then survive in this
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Five questions with the Box Top Pixie Anaheim resident, Robin Reimer, is on a mission to keep special field trips and art programs alive at Hansen Elementary. Known as the "Box Tops Pixie", Reimer dedicates a few hours a week to her Box Tops fundraising project by encouraging students and ... thermometer clip art Read more on OCRegister
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CDN DTQ450X ProAccurate Quick-Read Thermometer
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CDN ProAccurate Quick-Read Digital Thermometer: NSF approved. 6-8 second response. Water proof and shatter proof. Data-hold. Big digit. Food-safe abs plastic. Recalibratable. On/off button. Temperature guide on sheath. Sheath can be used as handle extension. Mounting: pocket clip. Lr44 button battery included.
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Private Property -- Men Confess Why They're Breast Obsessed ...item 2.. Chris Rock- How girls drive men crazy? (with Chinese subtitle) ...
Image by marsmet552 What do model train sets and women's breasts have in common? Well, both are intended for children, but it's the fathers that always end up playing with them. .
.......***** All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ...... . ........................................................................................................................................................................................... . .....item 1).... ivillage.com ... www.ivillage.com ... Men Confess Why They're Breast Obsessed . ............................................
img code photo... Welcome inside the men's locker room ...
What do model train sets and women's breasts have in common?
Well, both are intended for children, but it's the fathers that always end up playing with them.
They are nature's original milk jugs. Mounds of flesh that come in varying shapes and sizes and can be dressed in an endless array of fabrics and designs. They are breasts, and while their design is purely utilitarian, they have been worshipped by cultures around the world since the dawn of time. Whether you know them as sweater kittens, air bags or blouse bunnies, there's no debating that female breasts have an unusually prominent place in our society. What is the root of men's double-D-sized fixation? The answers might surprise you.
----- Men find breasts calming
In a linear world full of hard edges and harder realities, breasts are soft, welcoming and nonthreatening (kind of like Al Roker). With their obvious connection to breastfeeding, and by extension childhood, breasts remind us of our halcyon days when our mothers protected us from all the world's evils.
----- Breasts are a symbol of fertility
A-cup or Z-cup, breasts define femininity in the same way that channel surfing and participating in fantasy sports leagues define masculinity. Breasts hint at a woman's ability to nurture and sustain life. They also point to a woman's capacity to breed, as they signal the onset of puberty. It's for this reason that we can find Pamela Anderson's breasts alluring while we can be disgusted by Ned Beatty's floppy man tits in Deliverance (sorry Ned).
----- It's a matter of natural selection
According to Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, we subconsciously select partners who are healthy and appear capable of reproduction ‑- all of which explains why the frail Darwin had so much time to write books rather than go out on dates.
According to his research, men are attracted to bazooms (especially the more shapely variety) because they are indicative of a strong constitution and an ability to further propagate the species. Although reproduction is no longer our top priority, this instinct remains despite centuries of evolution (much like our own nipples).
----- Breasts are key in arousing women
Any good lover knows that a woman's breasts are closely connected to her primary libidinal zone. Therefore, another reason we like breasts is that we know if we handle these bikini stuffers properly, we can bring women to a state of heightened sexual arousal. Failing that, we can at least tell our friends we managed to get to second base.
----- Breasts are a home entertainment center
Who among us hasn't used a woman's breasts to play an engaging game of "Tune In to Tokyo"? More than just a milk delivery system, breasts are also a world of entertainment right at your fingertips. Let's face it: There's a reason why they're commonly known as "fun bags."
----- Men are stimulated visually
Unlike women, who can be aroused by reading a single passage in a Harlequin romance novel, men require visual stimulation. It's hardly surprising then that breasts, raised and perky as they often are, receive our obsessive attention. After all, apart from genitalia, breasts are a woman's most well-defined physical feature ‑- just ask Dolly Parton. Better yet, ask her bra salesman.
----- Societal pressure
Clearly, it's not all a matter of biology, particularly when you consider that humans are the only animals who include breast fondling as part of the mating process. Then again, we're also the only animals who use nipple clamps and sex swings, so perhaps comparing ourselves to other species is a bit rash. Therefore, let's turn our attention to society.
One of the primary reasons we're breast obsessed is because society, and in particular Madison Avenue, encourages our fixation. Pick up any magazine, from Shape to even YM, and you're bound to see more cleavage than in the Grand Canyon. The same is true of bus ads, fashion catalogs and every other manner of marketing material.
Breasts have spawned not only their own film and plastic surgery industries, but also their own restaurant chain (take that, testicles!). If advertising is powerful enough to make millions of people buy Pet Rocks, it's little wonder that it has the ability to keep knockers in our thoughts 24 hours a day.
----- Breasts have the allure of taboo
The erotic allure of breasts is further heightened by the fact these "glands for the hands" are supposed to be kept under wraps and away from view. As Jerry Seinfeld so adroitly pointed out, if women kept their heads covered instead of their breasts, we'd all be heading down to the corner store to pick up the latest copy of Heads Illustrated. We always want that which we cannot have, and in that regard, breasts are the ultimate forbidden fruit.
----- Keeping abreast of the issues
Men are often accused of speaking to a woman's chest rather than her face, but are we really to blame? Our attraction to these "prisoners of the Playtex penitentiary" is simultaneously physical, psychological and societal. Therefore, go out and celebrate the breast. In fact, go out and celebrate a pair of them. You'd be a boob not to.
More from AskMen.com:
Are You Waiting For Miss Right? Top 10: Signs You're Not Romantic Top 10: Signs You're Ready To Pop The Question
Plus: All about breasts -- best bras and tops, health tips & more . . ............................................................................................................................................................................................. . .....item 2).... youtube video ... Chris Rock - How girls drive men crazy? (with Chinese subtitle) ...
Uploaded on Dec 1, 2010 Chris Rock's stand-up comedy
Category Comedy
License Standard YouTube License . . ............................................................................................................................................................................................. . .about health tips
Top 4 Health Tips: Things that make you tired Women's Health magazine, published by Rodale, has some helpful suggestions to start feeling more awake today: DEHYDRATION. 1 Even moderate dehydration (which results in the loss of 3 percent of your body weight) can make you feel mentally sluggish ... about health tips Read more on Allentown Morning Call
My Healthy Snacks & Eating Tips {Recipes}
Follow me on Twitter:) http://twitter.com/EvelinaBarry Check out my main Fashion channel: http://www.youtube.com/evelinicutza F A C E B O O K http://tinyurl....about health tips Video Rating: 4 / 5
Alcohol Information For Teens: Health Tips About Alcohol And Alcoholism, Including Facts About Underage Drinking, Preventing Teen Alcohol Use, Alcohol's ... On The Brain And The (Teen Health Series)
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about health tips
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The U-31005 from Optimus is a 2.0 gallon cool mist ultrasonic humidifier. Features include 1.6 gallon tank capacity, operation up to 18 hours, water empty automatic shut off switch, adjustable mist volume control, easy to fill transparent water tank, whisper-quiet operation, removable tank with handle for easy filling, 300ml/hour moisture output,and built-in ionizer
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Questions and Answers With Kristin Chenoweth Very plain. No ethnic foods, I stay pretty safe. There's a heated debate in the movie about breast milk, including a line that I'll have nightmares about, that breast milk is "nature's protein shake." ... Oh yeah, it's very weird. I've had a wide array ... oh yeah protein shakes Read more on NextMovie (blog)
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Ca cao (Theobroma cacao) thuộc thứ Theobroma họ Stercu-liaceae. Thứ Theobroma bao gồm 22 loài, trong đó chỉ có loài Theobroma ca cao được trồng rộng rãi còn các loài khác hoặc hoang dại, hoặc rất ít được trồng.
Các tác giả chia Theobroma cacao ra hai loài phụ là :
Theobroma cacao spp. cacao, gồm các quần thể dạng Criollo.
Theobroma cacao sphaerocarpum, gồm các quần thể còn lại, trong đó có Forastero.
Các loài phụ này đều là các dòng nhị bội, với số nhiễm sắc thể 2 n = 20.
I. SINH TRƯỞNG THÂN
Khi hạt ca cao nẩy mầm, rễ mọc ra trước, sau đó 2 lá mầm được đội lên khỏi mặt đất 3 - 4 cm. Đó là giai đoạn sinh trưởng thứ nhất.
Giai đoạn sinh trưởng thứ hai bắt đầu từ lúc các lá sò mở ra sau đó 4 lá đầu tiên xuất hiện. Cây sinh trưởng tiếp tục trong 6 ( 7 tuần lễ và chiều cao có thể đạt trên 1 m.
Giai đoạn sinh trưởng thứ ba bắt đầu sau đó, lúc việc sinh trưởng theo chiều cao bắt đầu chậm lại và 5 chồi bên phát triển đồng thời, tạo thành một “tầng” lá.
Sau một số năm, cây ca cao có thể đạt chiều cao 4 ( 10 m tùy theo mật độ và độ che sáng. Các chồi vượt thường hình thành từ thân cành chính và cũng tạo ra các “tầng” lá, làm cho cây ca cao tạo tán rõ rệt. Tán cây ca cao có liên quan nhiều đến sản lượng, vì vậy việc tạo tán cho cây là một kỹ thuật quan trọng trong nghề trồng ca cao.
II. LÁ
Lá ca cao phát triển thành từng đợt. Mỗi đợt các chồi đỉnh phát triển nhanh tạo ra từ 3 đến 6 cặp lá mới. Các lá mới đều có màu xanh nhạt hoặc hơi đỏ nhưng khi thành thục hoàn toàn sẽ có màu xanh của lá trưởng thành. Sau mỗi đợt lá mới, các chồi đỉnh lại đi vào tình trạng ngủ một thời gian dài hay ngắn tùy vào một số điều kiện ngoại cảnh.
Ở một đợt ra lá mới, chất dinh dưỡng được chuyển một phần từ các lá già về và làm các lá già này rụng. Vì vậy có người còn gọi mỗi đợt lá mới ở ca cao là thay áo. Trong các yếu tố ngoại cảnh dẫn đến đợt lá mới chủ yếu là nhiệt độ và độ ẩm. Mưa giúp các đợt ra lá mới dày hơn và ở các cây ca cao không được che nắng lá mới cũng ra nhiều hơn ca cao trồng có che.
Sinh trưởng của cây ca cao Các khí khổng đều nằm ở mặt dưới phiến lá.
Trồng ở khoảng cách thích hợp, các tầng lá của vườn ca cao trưởng thành sẽ đan thành một thảm xanh dày. Ánh sáng lọt qua tầng lá của các cây che bóng cao hơn vẫn đủ cho cây ca cao quang hợp và chuyển hóa chất dinh dưỡng. Việc che bóng cho cây ca cao đặc biệt cần thiết ở giai đoạn cây con trong vườn ương . Vì có nguồn gốc là những cây mọc dưới tán rừng rậm nhiệt đới, ca cao thuộc loài cây ưa bóng. Nếu nhiều ánh sáng quá, sinh trưởng ca cao ở vườn ương sẽ không bình thường, cây không đủ độ cao và nhanh biến thành dạng bụi nhiều nhánh. Khi trưởng thành, vườn ca cao không có cây che phủ dễ bị sâu phá hại và gió làm thương tổn các đợt lá mới.
III. RỄ
Bộ rễ ca cao gồm một rễ trụ chính có thể dài tới 2 m, kèm theo một hệ thống rễ phụ chủ yếu nằm ở tầng đất mặt 20 cm. Bộ rễ phụ đan dày đặc giúp ca cao hút chất dinh dưỡng và rễ trụ có nhiệm vụ hút nước và chất dinh dưỡng ở tầng sâu lên.
IV. HOA
Hoa ca cao phát triển trực tiếp trên thân và cành ở các chỗ đã hóa gỗ ít nhất 2 - 3 năm. Hoa nhỏ, màu hồng có 5 cánh, 5 đài hoa và bầu nhị có 5 ngăn. Cánh hoa ở dưới thon lại trên phình rộng ra, làm cho cánh hoa ca cao có hình thù khá đặc biệt. Hoa ca cao có 10 nhị đực trong đó chỉ có 5 nhị đực nằm phía trong là có chức năng sinh sản. Mỗi nhị đực này có 2 túi phấn.
Khi một nụ hoa đã thành thục, các đài hoa tách vào buổi chiều, hoa tiếp tục nở qua đêm và sáng hôm sau là lúc các túi phấn tung phấn và thụ phấn xảy ra trong ngày. Các hoa không được thụ phấn sẽ rụng.
Trên mỗi cây ca cao trưởng thành có thể thấy rất nhiều hoa hình thành nhưng thông thường chỉ 1 - 5% được thụ tinh và kết trái.
Việc thụ phấn chủ yếu do côn trùng thuộc họ Ceratopogonidae. Vì chúng rất nhỏ nên khó quan sát thấy. Chúng sống ở những nơi mát, tối và ẩm và sinh sản trên các tàn dư thực vật, kể cả trên các vỏ quả ca cao. Vòng đời của loài côn trùng này khoảng 28 ngày và quần thể chúng tăng rõ rệt vào mùa mưa. Cả côn trùng đực và cái đều làm nhiệm vụ thụ phấn nhưng những con cái tích cực hơn. Chúng hoạt động thụ phấn chủ yếu vào chiều tối, bay từ cây nọ qua cây kia ở một khoảng cách nhỏ. Mặc dù thụ phấn do côn trùng, việc phun thuốc sâu chỉ ảnh hưởng một thời gian vài ngày tới mật độ quần thể côn trùng vì chúng phục hồi rất nhanh, và vì vậy chưa có bằng chứng rõ rệt về ảnh hưởng xấu của việc phun thuốc sâu lúc ra hoa đến sản lượng quả.
Ca cao có mức độ thụ phấn chéo cao vì phần lớn các giống trồng hiện nay đều tự bất thụ. Mức độ tự bất thụ cũng không giống nhau ở các loài phụ khác nhau.
V. QUẢ VÀ HẠT
Sau khi thụ phấn, hạt phấn nảy mầm trên đầu nhị cái và vòi phấn chui vào để thụ tinh với noãn. Hợp tử bắt đầu phát triển để thành hạt ca cao.
Trong 40 ngày đầu quả ca cao phát triển chậm nhưng sau đó nhanh dần. Quả đạt kích thước lớn nhất sau thụ phấn độ 75 ngày. Sau 85 ngày phôi hạt bắt đầu lớn nhanh, noãn sào được lấp đầy các chất nội nhũ nhày. Sau 140 ngày phôi hạt đã tiêu thụ gần hết số chất nhày này để phát triển, trong hạt tích lũy một lượng lớn dầu béo. Khi phôi hạt ngừng phát triển là lúc quả chín.
Như vậy thời gian từ khi thụ phấn đến khi quả chín kéo dài 5 ( 6 tháng.
Số lượng hoa thụ tinh mặc dù nhỏ so với tổng số hoa nhưng cây ca cao thường không duy trì được hết số quả đã hình thành. Trong vòng 100 ngày sau khi thụ tinh chủ yếu vào các thời điểm sau 50 và 70 ngày, quả non có thể trở nên vàng, ngừng sinh trưởng sau đó đen lại nhưng vẫn dính trên cây.
Tỷ lệ quả không đi đến được giai đoạn chín tùy thuộc rất nhiều vào loài và điều kiện ngoại cảnh. Sâu bệnh cũng là một yếu tố quan trọng.
Cây ca cao ra trái Mỗi quả ca cao thường chứa 30 - 40 hạt, chung quanh hạt có màng chất nhầy bao bọc. Màng nhầy có vị hơi ngọt và là cơ chất cho quá trình lên men khi ủ hạt sau này.
Quả ca cao có kích thước hình dáng màu sắc khá đa dạng. Kích thước có thể từ 10 - 30 cm (dài), hình dáng có thể từ gần tròn đến dài dạng ống, vỏ ngoài có thể tương đối nhẵn hoặc xù xì. Màu sắc có thể từ xanh vàng đến tím sẫm hoặc hơi đỏ.
Tập tính của ca cao là thụ phấn chéo bằng côn trùng vì vậy sự phân ly tính trạng rất rõ rệt. Các quả trên cùng một cây có thể giống nhau nhưng trong cùng một vườn có thể gặp nhiều dạng quả khác nhau rõ rệt.
**** TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NÔNG LÂM THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH : Kỷ thuật trồng cây Cacao .
rttc.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=8155&ur=rttc
**** TVVN.ORG : bài viết về cây Cacao của Dược sĩ Trần Việt Hưng : ( Xin nhấp vào link để đọc đầy đủ thông tin của bài viết này. )
Cacao seeds are the source of commercial cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa butter. Fermented seeds are roasted, cracked and ground to give a powdery mass from which fat is expressed. This is the cocoa from which a popular beverage is prepared. In the preparation of chocolate, this mass is mixed with sugar, flavoring, and extra cocoa fat. Milk chocolate incorporates milk as well. Cocoa butter is used in confections and in manufacture of tobacco, soap, and cosmetics. Cocoa butter has been described as the world's most expensive fat, used rather extensively in the emollient "bullets" used for hemorrhoids. Folk Medicine
Reported to be antiseptic, diuretic, ecbolic, emmenagogue, and parasiticide, cacao is a folk remedy for alopecia, burns, cough, dry lips, eyes, fever, listlessness, malaria, nephrosis, parturition, pregnancy, rheumatism, snakebite, and wounds (Duke and Wain, 1981). Cocoa butter is applied to wrinkles in the hope of correcting them (Leung, 1980). Chemistry
Per 100 g, the seed is reported to contain 456 calories, 3.6 g H2O, 12.0 g protein, 46.3 g fat, 34.7 g total carbohydrate, 8.6 g fiber, 3.4 g ash, 106 mg Ca, 537 mg P, 3.6 mg Fe, 30 mg b-carotene equivalent, 0.17 mg thiamine, 0.14 mg riboflavin, 1.7 mg niacin, and 3 mg ascorbic acid. According to the Wealth of India, the edible pulp of the fruit contains 79.7–88.5% water, 0.5–0.7% albuminoids, astringents, etc.; 8.3–13.1% glucose, 0.4–0.9% sucrose, a trace of starch, 0.2–0.4% non-volatile acids (as tartaric), 0.03% Fe2O3 and 0.4% mineral salts (K, Na, Ca, Mg). The shell contains 11.0% moisture, 3.0% fat, 13.5% protein, 16.5% crude fiber, 9.0% tannins, 6.0% pentosans, 6.5% ash, and 0.75 theobromine. Raw seeds contain 0.24 mg/100 g thiamine, 0.41 riboflavin, 0.09 pyridoxine, 2.1 nicotinamide, and 1.35 pantothenic acid. The component fatty acids of cocoa butter are 26.2% palmitic and lower acids, 34.4 stearic and higher acids, 37.3% oleic acid, 2.1% linoleic and traces of isoleic. In g/100g the individual amino acids in the water soluble fractions of unfermented and fermented beans are lysine 0.08, 0.56; histidine 0.08, 0.04; arginine 0.08, 0.03; threonine 0.14, 0.84; serine 0.88, 1.99; glutamic acid 1.02, 1.77; proline 0.72, 1.97; glycine 0.09, 0.35; alanine 1.04, 3.61; valine 0.57, 2.60; isoleucine 0.56, 1.68; leucine 0.45, 4.75; tyrosine 0.57, 1.27; and phenylalanine 0.56–3.36 g/100g. Unfermented and fermented beans contain p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and syringic acid, while the fermented beans also contain protocatechuic, phenylacetic, phloretic acid and the lactone esculetin and o- and p-hydroxyphenyl acids. Caffeic acid occurs in the unfermented beans (C.S.I.R., 1948–1976). According to an article in the Chicago Sun Times, people who suffer extreme depression as victims of unrequited love have an irregular production of phenylethylamine. Such individuals often go on chocolate binge during periods of depression. Chocolate is particularly high in phenylethylamine, perhaps serving as medication. Theophylline is a potent CNS and cardiovascular stimulant with diuretic and bronchial smooth muscle relaxant properties. Recently this drug was proven effective in preventing and treating apnea in premature infancy. Cocoa contains over 300 volatile compounds, including esters, hydrocarbonslactones, monocarbonyls, pyrazines, pyrroles, and others. The important flavor components are said to be aliphatic esters, polyphenols, unsaturated aromatic carbonyls, pyrazines, diketopiperazines, and theobromine. Cocoa also contains about 18% proteins (ca 8% digestible); fats (cocoa butter); amines and alkaloids, including theobromine (0.5 to 2.7%), caffeine (ca 0.25% in cocoa; 0.7 to 1.70 in fat-free beans, with forasteros containing less than 0.1% and criollos containing 1.43 to 1.70%), tyramine, dopamine, salsolinol, trigonelline, nicotinic acid, and free amino acids; tannins; phospholipids; etc. Cocoa butter contains mainly triglycerides of fatty acids that consist primarily of oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. Over 73% of the glycerides are present as monounsaturated forms (oleopalmitostearin and oleodistearin), the remaining being mostly diunsaturated glycerides (palmitodiolein and stearodiolein), with lesser amounts of fully saturated and triunsaturated (triolein glycerides). Linoleic acid levels have been reported to be up to 4.1%. Also present in cocoa butter are small amounts of sterols and methylsterols; sterols consist mainly of b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, with a small quantity of cholesterol. In addition to alkaloids (mainly theobromine), tannins, and other constituents, cocoa husk contains a pigment that is a polyflavone glucoside with a molecular weight of over 1500, this pigment is claimed to be heat and light resistant, highly stable at pH 3 to 11, and useful as a food colorant; it was isolated at a 7.9% yield (Leung, 1980). Toxicity
Reviewing the work on safrole, Buchanan (J. Food Safety 1:275.1978) concluded that it is the most thoroughly investigated methylenedioxybenzene derivative. The major flavoring constituent in sassafras root bark, safrole also occurs in basil (Perdue and Hartwell, eds., 1976), black pepper, cinnamon leaf oil, cocoa, mace, nutmeg, parsley, and star anise oil. When safrole was identified as a "low grade hepatocarcinogen, it was banned in root beer, and the FDA in 1976 banned interstate marketing of sassafras for sassafras tea. The oral LD50 for safrole in rats is 1950 mg/kg body weight, with major symptoms including ataxia, depression, and diarrhea, death occurring in 4–5 days. Ingestion of relatively large amounts of sassafras oil produced psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects persisting several days in humans. With rats, dietary safrole at levels of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% produced growth retardation, stomach and testicular atrophy, liver necrosis, and biliary proliferation and primary hepatomas. Sutton (1981) reports the collapse and death of a 3-year old bitch that had eaten a 250 g package of cocoa. Postmortem examination revealed congestion of lungs, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage of the thymus, all compatible with acute circulatory failure. The stomach contained high concentrations of theobromine and/or caffeine. Though used cosmetically, cocoa butter has been reported to have allergenic and comedogenic properties in animals. Tyler (1982) produces a chart comparing various caffeine sources to which I have added rounded figures from Palotti (1977). Cup (6 oz.) expresso coffee:310 mg Cup (6 oz.) boiled coffee:100 mg Cup (6 oz.) instant coffee:65mg Cup (6 oz.) tea:10–50 mg Cup (6 oz.) cocoa:13 mg Can (6 oz.) cola:25 mg Can (6 oz.) coca cola:20 mg Cup (6 oz.) mate:25–50 mg Can (6 oz.) pepsi cola:10 mg Tablet Caffeine:100–200 mg Tablet (800 mg) Zoom (Paullinia cupana):60 mg In humans, caffeine, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is demethylated into three primary metabolites: theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine. Since the early part of the 20th century, theophylline has been used in therapeutics for bronchodilation, for acute ventricular failure, and for long-term control of bronchial asthma. At 100 mg/kg theophylline is fetotoxic to rats, but no teratogenic abnormalities were noted. In therapeutics, theobromine has been used as diuretic, as a cardiac stimulant, and for dilation of arteries. But at 100 mg, theobromine is fetotoxic and teratogen (Collins, FDA By-lines No. 2, April 1981). Leung (1980) reports a fatal dose in man at 10,000 mg, with 1,000 mg or more capable of inducing headache, nausea, insomnia, restlessness, excitement, mild delirium, muscle tremor, tachycardia, and extrasystoles. Leung also adds "caffeine has been reported to have many other activities including mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activities; ... to cause temporary increase in intraocular pressure, to have calming effects on hyperkinetic children...to cause chronic recurring headache..."
Description
Small tree usually 4–8 m tall, rarely up to 20 m; at 1–1.5 m the terminal bud breaks into 3–5 meristems to give several lateral upright shoots; primary branching by successive whorls of normally spreading branches; young branchlets terete, grayish green or brownish, densely or sparsely pubescent, with simple or furcate hairs 0.1–0.3 mm long, later glabrate, more or less striate; stipules subulate, very acute, 5–14 mm long, 0.5–1.5 mm broad at base, pubescent, deciduous; leaves large, coriaceous or chartaceous, alternate, distichous on normal branches, green; petiole pubescent or tomentose, with simple, rather dense, spreading hairs, thickened pulvinate at ends; blades 12–60 cm long, 4–20 cm broad, elliptic to obovate-oblong, entire, glabrous; inflorescence on trunk and branches, usually borne on small tubercles in short cymose branchlets, peduncles 1–3 mm long, stellate-pubescent; bracts ovate or ovate-oblong, pubescent; bracteoles ovate-oblong, acute or subacute, 0.5–1.2 mm long, pubescent, deciduous; pedicels capillary, rigid, pale green, whitish or reddish, 5–15 mm long, with stellate or furcate hairs and sparce many-celled, glandular, capitate trichomes; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, white, greenish-white, pale violaceous or reddish, faintly 3-veined, united at base, 5–8 mm long, 1.5–2 mm broad, with hairs and trichomes; petals contorted in aestivation, thick-membranous, hood 3–4 mm long, 0.5–2 mm wide, obovate, rounded at apex, white, 3-veined, lamina pale yellowish, 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm broad, obovate, attenuate at apex; staminodes 4–6 mm long, narrowly subulate, red or purplish, minutely papillose-pilose, ciliate, with slender, simple hairs; stamens diantheriferous, with anthers about 0.4 mm long; ovary oblong-ovoid, superior, with 5 carpels; fruits usually considered drupes but referred to as pods, indehiscent, variable in size and shape, 10–32 cm long, spherical to cylindrical, pointed or blunt, smooth or warty, with or without 5 or 10 furrows; pods white, green or red, ripening to green, yellow, red or purple; seeds 20–60 per pod, arranged in 5 rows, variable in size, 2–4 cm long, 1.2–2 cm broad, ovoid or elliptic; cotyledons white to deep purple, convoluted, large. Seeds/kg 625–1125. Roots mostly a mass of surface-feeding roots, with taproot penetrating to 2 m in friable soil, less deeply where compacted (Reed, 1976). Germplasm
Reported from the South and Middle American Centers of Diversity, cocoa, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate some diseases, heavy soils, laterite, low pH, photoperiod, shade, slope, and waterlogging (Duke, 1978). Several subspecies and forms of cacao have been recognized, from which a great number of cvs have been developed. Some cvs are named according to the place where they were found or developed. Others are classified as 'Criollo' types which have elongated, ridged, pointed fruits and white cotyledons and 'Forastero', with short, roundish, almost smooth fruits and purplish cotyledons. Hybrids have been obtained with other species, e.g. Th. grandiflora, mainly to incorporate disease-resistance. (2n = 20) Distribution
Native to South America, probably on the equatorial slopes of the Andes; now cultivated pantropically, especially in West Africa. Ecology
Ranging from Subtropical Dry to Wet through Tropical Very Dry to Wet Forest Life Zones, cacao is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.8 to 42.9 dm (mean of 109 cases = 16.3), annual temperature of 18.0 to 28.5°C (mean of 108 cases = 25.3), and pH of 4.3 to 8.7 (mean of 43 cases = 6.4) (Duke, 1978). Grown from 20°N to 20°S with the bulk between 10°N and 10°S, usually below 300 m, but in sheltered valleys of Colombia at 900 m. Requires uniformly high temperatures with recommended mean of 26.6°C. Trees are wind-intolerant and therefore are often planted on hillsides for wind protection and good drainage. Being drought-intolerant, cacao thrives in climates with high humidity and rainfall. Plants are shade-tolerant, and thrive in rich, organic, well-drained, moist, deep soils. Shallow laterite soils are said not to be suitable. Maximum temperature of 33.5°C and minimum 13°C, with diurnal temperature variation between 33.5 and 18°C are suggested (Reed, 1976). Cultivation
Propagation may be by cuttings, buddings or graftings, but seeding is cheaper. Seeds germinate at maturity, and are viable only a short time. They may be stored 10–13 weeks if moisture content is kept at 50%. Soon after picking, pulp is removed from seed which are planted in shaded nursery beds or baskets. Transplant in few months (when ca 0.6 m tall) into shaded fields at 2.4 m x 2.4 m or 3.6 m x 3.6 m. Spacing is closer if soils are poor and elevations above 300 m. Fields should remain shaded for 3 years. Remove floral buds until trees are 5 years old. Cacao is of ten intercropped with other trees of economic value, as bananas, rubber, oil palm, or coconut. Weeding is by hand or herbicides. Irrigation may be practiced, but drain ditches should always be provided to prevent excess water. Responds to fertilizers, mostly in the absence of shade; recommended is 5 cwt urea, 2.5 cwt triple superphosphate, 10 cwt potassium sulfate per hectare. Windbreaks are usually provided. Harvesting
Although fruits mature throughout the year, usually only two harvests are made. In West Africa, the main harvest begins in September, extends to February, with a second smaller harvest in May–June. From fertilization to harvesting the fruit requires 5–6 months. Harvest season lasts about 5 months. Pods are cut from trees and allowed to mellow on the ground. Then pods are cracked and the beans removed, the husks are burned. Beans are fermented in leaf-lined kegs 2–8 days before drying in sun, at which time they change from purple to brown. Beans are then bagged and shipped. Further processing includes roasting, crushing, and separating out the kernel, grinding the nibs and extraction of about half of the fat. Yields and Economics
The world low production yield is 29 kg/ha in American Samoa, an international production yield of 346 kg/ha, and a world high production yield of 2,000 kg/ha in Haiti. Yields of 3,375 kg/ha of dry beans are possible on good plantations. The oil content (35–50%) suggests potential oil yields of more than 1750 kg/ha. Average yields range from 0.5–10 kg/tree; 2.25 MT beans/ha. Over 3375 kg/ha of dry cacao beans have been produced on plantations well-manured, well-shaded, and with excellent control of weeds, pests and diseases. In 1980, the US is estimated to have consumed more than 75,000 MT of cocoa butter, in a business amounting to nearly 0 million. Chocolate manufacturers consumed nearly half. One ton went into suppositories, 10 to 20% of which are made with a cocoa butter base. In 1981, there was a world surplus of ca 700,000 tons, close to 6 months production, and price down to ca .30/kg. In July 1965, a record cocoa crop in Ghana sent cocoa bean prices to below .20/kg, an all-time low. A dozen years later, the beans spiralled to more than .00/kg. Normally cocoa butter runs 25 times as high as the bean (Anon., 1981b). Two-thirds of the world's production presently comes from Ghana, Nigeria, and Ivory Coast in West Africa, and one-third from Brazil and Dominican Republic. In 1971, the US imported from Africa about 200,908 MT of cocoa beans, valued at 0 millions, and from Latin America, 107,841 MT valued at millions. World production of beans in 1971 was 1.59 million MT. Major consumers are United States, West Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom. New York prices on 'Accra' beans in 1971 was .68/kg. Cocoa is produced in tropical countries, but is processed and consumed in temperate countries. Energy
For every kilogram of dry beans, there can be 2 kg of pod meal; indicating a 1:2 seed:pod ratio. To convert production figures into pod waste figures, this suggests we multiply by two. Pod meal contains ca 12.6% moisture, 7.6% ash, 8.1% protein, 34.8% crude fiber, 3.3% fat, and 33.6% N-free extract. One hundred kg cacao pod meal has the same feeding value as 96–97 kg chopped corn (including husks). Prunings could amount to 1–8 MT/ha/yr, depending on biological and environmental variables. During the third year, main branches may be reduced to 3 or 4, and thenceforth, excess limbs and diseases tissues should be removed. For each MT of production, it seems safe to conclude there will be 2 MT of pods and 2 MT of prunings as residue, perhaps more in unshaded cacao. Shade trees might best be selected on basis of (1) nitrogen fixed, (2) fuelwood produced, (3) nonantagonism or amelioration of cacao. Seedling cacao does best with only 25% full sunlight, saplings with closer to 50%. Species of energy-fixing species of Albizia, Erythrina, Gliricida, Inga, Leucaena, Musanga, Peltophorum, and Terminalia have been recommended as shade trees or "Madre de Cacao". (Purseglove, 1968) Biotic Factors
Midges are thought to be the pollinators of cacao, but aphids, ants, thrips, wild bees, or a combination of these are also suspect. Cacao grows in areas with high humidity; several hundred fungi have been reported as attacking this tree. However, the most important fungi that cause diseases which must be controlled include the following: Armillaria mella (Collar crack), Botryodiplodia theobromae (Pod rot), Botryobasidium salmonicolor (Pink disease), Calonectria rigidiuscula (Green point cusion-gall), Cephaleuros virescens (Algal spot), Ceratobasidium stevensii (Thread blight), Ceratocystis fimbriata (Canker), Corticium incisum (Thread blight), Fomes lamaensis (Brown rot), F. lignosus (White rot), F. noxius (Brown crust), Marasmius byssicola (Brown thread), M. perniciosus (South American witches broom), M. scandens (White thread), M. trichorrhizus (Brown thread), Monilia roreri (Gray pod rot), Nectria cacaoicola (Pod rot), Phytophthora palmivora (Black pod), Rosellinia bunodes (Root rot), R. pepo (Root rot), Septobasidium tanakae (Felty fungus), Sphaerostilbe repens (Violet root rot), Taphrina bussei (Witches broom), Thielaviopsis paradoxa (pod rot), Trachysphaera fructigena (Mealy pod), Ustilina zonata (Collar rot), and Verticillium dahliae (Sudden death). Bacteria known to cause disease in cacao include: Agrobacterium tumefasciens, Bacillus megatherium, B. subtilis, B. undulatus, Bacterium accendens, B. aceti, B. orleanense, B. xylineum, B. xylmoides, and B. xylum. Golden (p.c. 1984) lists the following nematodes: Aphasmatylenchus nigeriensis, Criconemella goodeyi, Helcotylenchus cavenessi, H. concavus, H. microcephalus, H. multicinctus, Hoplolaimus seinhorst, Meloidogyne incognita, M. incognita acrita., M. javanica, M. sp., Paratylenchus arculatus, Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. sp., Rotylenchulus reniformis, Scutellonema clathricaudatum, Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, T. nudus, Xiphinema ebriense, X. elongatum, X. ifacolum, X. nigeriense, and X. setariae. Viruses isolated from cacao include: Akaran, Apoplectic disease, Asalu, Ilesha, Konongo, Kpeve cacao, Mottle leaf, Necrosis, New Juaben (B.C.), New Juaben cacao, Offa Igbo (Nigeria) cacao, Offa Igbo 1 and 2, Olanla 1 and 2, Red mottle, Swollen-shoot, Trinidad cacao, Vein clearing, and Viruses 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1M. Cacao trees may be parasitized by Cuscuta campestris, C. cublinclusa, and Phthirusa theobromae. Chemical Analysis of Biomass Fuels
Analysing 62 kinds of biomass for heating value, Jenkins and Ebeling (1985) reported a spread of 19.04 to 17.97 MJ/kg, compared to 13.76 for weathered rice straw to 23.28 MJ/kg for prune pits. On a % DM basis, the hulls contained 67.95% volatiles, 8.25% ash, 23.80% fixed carbon, 48.23% C, 5.23% H, 33.19% O, 2.98% N, 0.12% S, and undetermined residue. References
Buchanan, R.L. 1979. Toxicity of spices containing methylenedioxybenzene derivatives: A review. J. Food Safety 1:275. C.S.I.R. (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). 1948–1976. The wealth of India. 11 vols. New Delhi. Duke, J.A. 1978. The quest for tolerant germplasm. p. 1–61. In: ASA Special Symposium 32, Crop tolerance to suboptimal land conditions. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Duke, J.A. and Wain, K.K. 1981. Medicinal plants of the world. Computer index with more than 85,000 entries. 3 vols. Jenkins, B.M. and Ebeling, J.M. 1985. Thermochemical properties of biomass fuels. Calif. Agric. 39(5/6):14–16. Leung, A.Y. 1980. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Palotti, G. 1977. The 'time for a Coca Cola' may not be right. Industrie Alimentairi 16(12):146–148. Perdue, R.E., Jr. and Hartwell, J.L. (eds.). 1976. Plants and cancer. Proc. 16th Annual Meeting Soc. Econ. Bot. Cancer Treatment Reports 60(8):973–1215. Purseglove, J.W. 1968–1972. Tropical crops. 4 vols. Longman Group Ltd., London. Reed, C.F. 1976. Information summaries on 1000 economic plants. Typescripts submitted to the USDA. Sutton, R.H. 1981. Cocoa poisoning in a dog. Veterinary Record 109(25/26):563–4. Tyler, V.E. 1982. The honest herbal. George F. Stickley Co., Philadelphia, PA.
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